EMERGING SCHOLARS 2011-2012 Edited by Melissa H. Conley Tyler Review Panel: Chad J. Mitcham and Sue Thompson Editorial Assistance: Hayley Channer, Pablo Andrade Coloma, Margherita Crippa, Katherine Flynn, Ingram Niblock, Kiona Bolt and Sung Min Yoo. Cover Design: Thu Lam Australian Institute of International Affairs June 2012 i Copyright © The Australian Institute of International Affairs 2012 This publication may be distributed on the condition that it is attributed to the Australian Institute of International Affairs. Use for educational purposes is not allowed without the prior written consent of the Australian Institute of International Affairs. Any views or opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily shared by the Australian Institute of International Affairs or any of its members or affiliates. Cover design copyright © Thu Lam 2012 Australian Institute of International Affairs 32 Thesiger Court, Deakin ACT 2600, Australia Phone: 02 6282 2133 Facsimile: 02 6285 2334 Website: www.aiia.asn.au Email: [email protected] ISBN: 978-0-909992-94-1 ii CONTENTS Foreword 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations 3 Jessica Glover 5 Food Security: The Geopolitical Realities Hayley Channer 25 The ABC of WMD: Banning Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons Christian Dietrich 41 Africa and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: Milestones, Challenges and the Way Forward Cameron Bruce 61 Decision Making in the United Nations Security Council on Libya and Syria: The Influence of the P-5 Nations Emily Dale 77 ‘Sinking States’ in the South Pacific: Legal Ambiguity, Protection Gaps and Ways Forward Abbas Abbasov 95 State-Building in the Fifth Dimension: Current Trends in Digital Diplomacy Elizabeth Buchanan 109 Russia and the New Geopolitics of Energy Nathaniel Jones 121 Australia’s Human Security Policy and the Pursuit of Peace in West Papua Joshua D. Williams 143 Developing Democracy and Free Media: How Does Media use Influence Democratic Participation in Indonesia? iii Tom Rollason 169 Islam and the Secular State: The Threat of Sharia Law in Aceh on the Indonesian State Katherine Flynn 183 The Shi’a of Lebanon: Breaking Through the Syrian Ceiling Anne-Marie Balbi 201 Sponsoring the Iraqi Insurgency? Iran’s Strategic Interests in the Middle East. Elizabeth Bellion 219 Bullet, Badge or Band-Aid: Assessing Counterterrorism Approaches in Pakistan iv FOREWORD The Australian Institute of International Affairs (AIIA) was established in 1924 to promote public understanding and interest in international affairs. The AIIA works actively to engage young people in its work including through young professionals’ networks, careers fairs, schools events, internships, mentoring and the Young Diplomats Program. For more information, visit www.aiia.asn.au. As part of the AIIA’s commitment to engage youth in international affairs, AIIA National Office launched an internship program in 2006. Since the commencement of the program, National Office has hosted more than 110 interns from Australia and overseas. A number of branches host internship programs, including AIIA NSW, AIIA VIC and the AIIA’s ACT, South Australia and Queensland Branches. Anyone who interns at an AIIA branch or National Office is eligible to submit a paper for publication in Emerging Scholars that is then subject to academic review. Given the high quality of papers this year, the AIIA is pleased to publish the largest volume to date. Please note that the opinions contained in this volume are those of the authors alone and do not represent the views of the AIIA. This volume of Emerging Scholars includes reports on a variety of current issues in international affairs. Global challenges are well- represented with papers on energy security, food security, nuclear non- proliferation and climate change. Developments in Indonesia receive a welcome focus with chapters on the role of the media in democratic participation, implementation of Shari’a law in Aceh and human security in West Papua. There is a strong focus on the Middle East, with chapters on Iran’s strategic interests and the Shi’a political movement in Lebanon. Some chapters shed light on current events, such as an illuminating case study of the United Nations Security Council’s decision-making regarding intervention in Libya and Syria; while others look forward to emerging trends, such as the growth in digital diplomacy. Other 1 chapters provide a new perspective on a familiar issue such as counterterrorism. All of these papers deserve a wide audience. We congratulate the authors on their work and hope this further stimulates their interest in careers in international affairs. I thank the reviewers for this volume, Dr Chad Mitcham and Dr Sue Thompson, for the significant work they put into ensuring the quality of this publication. I also thank the following for their editorial assistance: Hayley Channer, Pablo Andrade Coloma, Margherita Crippa, Katherine Flynn, Ingram Niblock, Kiona Bolt and Sung Min Yoo. The AIIA expresses its gratitude to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s International Grant Program for its support of the AIIA’s youth activities. We hope you enjoy the chapters selected for this volume. Melissa H. Conley Tyler National Executive Director, Australian Institute of International Affairs June 2012 2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFCONE African Commission on Nuclear Energy African Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, AFRA Development and Training APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation AU African Union AUSAID Australian Agency for International Development BPS Budan Pusat Statistik BWC Biological Weapons Convention Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or CAT Degrading Treatment or Punishment CBW Chemical and Biological Weapons CTBT Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty CWC Chemical Weapon Convention DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DOT Digital Outreach Team ECOSOC The United Nations Economic and Social Council ETS Emissions Trading Scheme EU The European Union FAO The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office FEWS Famine Early Warning Systems Network NET FMCT Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty GDP Gross Domestic Product HEU Highly Enriched Uranium IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICT Information and Communication Technologies IMF International Monetary Fund IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISAF International Security Assistance Force ISI Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate KPK Corruption Eradication Commission MAD Mutually assured destruction MENWFZ Middle East Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone NAD Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam NAM Non-Aligned Movement 3 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NNWS Non-Nuclear-Weapon State NPT Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons NWFZ Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone NWS Nuclear-Weapon State OAU Organization of African Unity OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PD Partai Demokrat PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PRC People’s Republic of China PSC African Union Peace and Security Council PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan QDDR Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review REC African Union Regional Economic Communities SAP Structural Adjustment Programs SAPRIN Structural Adjustment Participatory Review International Network SIDS Small Island Developing States SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program TGF Transitional Government Force UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UK The United Kingdom UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNSC United Nations Security Council US United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development USIA United States Information Agency USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VPP Virtual Presence Post VSFS Virtual Student Foreign Service WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction WVS World Values Survey WW I World War I WWII World War II 4 Food Security: The Geopolitical Realities Jessica Glover* The mass media has propagated claims that ‘the worst drought in 60 years’ is to blame for the 2011 food crisis in the Horn of Africa. However, this one-dimensional explanation obscures the interconnected web of geopolitical realities that lie at the crux of contemporary food security and what some have described as the most severe food crisis of the twenty-first century. Global hunger and incidences of famine are not solely a repercussion of inexorable climatic conditions such as drought, but are the result of human-created social structures. Contemporary food security in the Horn of Africa region is affected by the ramifications of conflict, the stranglehold of the global food system by agribusinesses, the impacts of the global capitalist structure and the implementation of Structural Adjustment Programs on. The chapter concludes that geopolitical realities, not climatic conditions, are the underlying cause of food insecurity in the Horn of Africa and explores the notion of food sovereignty as a means to enhance food security in the region. * Jessica Glover is a final year student at the University of Wollongong studying a Bachelor of Communication and Media Studies-Bachelor of International Studies, with specialisations in Journalism, Politics, Peace and Security Studies and Spanish. Jessica’s career ambitions involve