ORNL/TM-2001/208 Review and Identification of DOE Laboratory Technologies For Countermine/Unexploded Ordnance Detection October 31, 2001 Prepared by Cyrus M. Smith DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge: Web site: http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD: 703-487-4639 Fax: 703-605-6900 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. 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The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ORNL/TM-2001/208 REVIEW AND IDENTIFICATION OF DOE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIES FOR COUNTERMINE/UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE DETECTION Cyrus M. Smith October 2001 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6285 managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................viii 1. ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY .......................................................................................1 1.1 ACTIVE MICROWAVE IMAGING FOR DETECTION OF NEAR-SURFACE ANOMALIES .......................................................................................................................1 1.2 CHEMICAL-ELEMENT DETECTION BY PENETRATING NEUTRONIC INTERROGATION ..............................................................................................................2 1.3 NEXT-GENERATION BIOSENSING SYSTEM FOR IN SITU DETECTION OF LAND- AND SEA-BASED BURIED MINES .......................................................................................3 1.4 ECONOMIC, DISPOSABLE, MICROELECTROMECHANICAL LAND MINE DETECT0R .........................................................................................................................6 1.5 GAMMA RAY BACKSCATTER ............................................................................................7 1.6 ECONOMIC, MEMBRANE ENHANCED ION-MOBILITY LAND MINE DETECTOR................9 1.7 DUAL BAND THERMAL INFRARED IMAGING.................................................................. 11 1.8 USE OF MULTISPECTRAL INFRARED IMAGING FOR WIDE AREA SURVEY AND DETECTION OF BURIED LANDMINES ............................................................................. 12 1.9 PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING ......................................................................... 14 1.10 ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR MINE-DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES ....................................... 16 1.11 ACOUSTIC METHODS FOR LAND MINE DETECTION..................................................... 16 1.12 SAW AND FPW CHEMICAL SENSOR ARRAYS FOR AIR AND GROUND-WATER MONITORING AT LAND-MINE SITES .............................................................................. 18 1.13 SWITCHABLE RADIOACTIVE NEUTRON SOURCE .......................................................... 20 1.14 MICROWAVE IMAGING WITH SELECTIVE CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE .............................................................................................. 21 2. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY............................................................................... 24 2.1 THERMAL NEUTRON CODED APERTURE DETECTION ................................................... 24 2.2 DETECTION OF LAND MINES USING ELASTIC WAVE SCATTERING (EWS)................... 24 2.3 RF DETECTION AND NEUTRALIZATION OF LAND MINES ............................................. 26 2.4 NEUTRON SOURCE.......................................................................................................... 27 3. IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY................................................................... 29 3.1 EXPLOSIVES DETECTION UJSING ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY ............................. 29 3.2 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY...................................................................... 30 3.3 DIGFACE CHARACTERIZATION ...................................................................................... 31 3.4 RAPID GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYOR................................................................................... 33 3.5 VERY-EARLY-TIME ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM......................................................... 34 3.6 CRYOGENIC CUTTING SYSTEM...................................................................................... 36 3.7 COOPERATIVE TELEROBOTIC RETRIEVAL ..................................................................... 37 3.8 THE PINS CHEMICAL ASSAY SYSTEM ............................................................................ 39 4. LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY.................................................................. 41 4.1 GAMMA-2N GENERATION OF E+E- ANNIHILATION RADIATION FROM NITROGEN...... 41 iii 4.2 MINE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION WITH A DUAL ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ACOUSTIC SYSTEM................................................................................................. 42 4.3 COLORIMETRIC LIGAND-BASED BIOSENSORS .............................................................. 44 4.4 DATA FUSION TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................... 45 4.5 NEURAL NETWORKS ....................................................................................................... 46 4.6 NEUTRON SOURCES........................................................................................................ 46 4.7 CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES ........................................................................... 47 4.8 SQUIDS............................................................................................................................ 48 4.9 A D-D NEUTRON SOURCE FOR MINE DETECTION USING THERMAL NEUTRON ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 49 4.10 MINE DETECTION WITH AN RF ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM .................................... 50 5. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY............................................................... 53 5.1 THERMAL DETECTION/INFRARED.................................................................................. 53 5.2 MULTI-SPECTRAL SCANNING/IMAGING ........................................................................ 53 5.3 RADAR............................................................................................................................. 54 5.4 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR) .......................................................................... 54 5.5 MICROPOWER IMPULSE RADAR (MIR) ........................................................................... 55 5.6 ACOUSTIC MINE DETECTION......................................................................................... 56 6. LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY ................................................................................ 57 6.1 ROBOTS PLATFORMS ..................................................................................................... 57 6.2 NOVEL METHODS FOR NEUTRON-INDUCED-GAMMA DETECTION OF LAND MINES AND BURIED EXPLOSIVES ................................................................................... 58 6.3 RESONANT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS................................................................. 61 6.4 COMPLETELY PASSIVE LOCATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LAND MINES WITH SUPERCONDUCTING QUANTUM INTERFERENCE DEVICE (SQUID) SENSORS63 6.5 ULTRASENSITIVE MINIATURIZED SENSOR SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF UXO ........... 65 6.6 UXO AND LAND MINE DETECTION USING CHEMICAL MICROSENSORS BASED ON SPECIES SELECTIVE FILMS ....................................................................................... 66 7. OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY ................................................................................... 69 7.1 BIOREPORTER BACTERIA FOR LANDMINE DETECTION ...............................................