LW/M 117 1 MACEDONIAN Contents Abbreviations.................................................................................................. 3 0 Sociolinguistic and Geolinguistic Situation..................................................... 4 0.1 Geography.......................................................................................... 4 0.2 Terminology and History......................................................................... 4 0.3 Standardization..................................................................................... 5 0.4 Status................................................................................................ 6 0.5 Dialects.............................................................................................. 6 0.5.1 Major Isoglosses................................................................................... 6 0.5.2 Vocalic Inventories ................................................................................ 6 0.5.3 Prosody............................................................................................. 7 0.5.4 Morphology ........................................................................................ 7 0.6 Number of Speakers .............................................................................. 8 1 Phonology.......................................................................................... 8 1.1 Orthography........................................................................................ 8 1.2 Phonemic Inventory and Phonotactics .......................................................... 9 1.2.1 Vowels.............................................................................................. 9 1.2.2 Consonants........................................................................................10 1.3 Prosody............................................................................................12 1.3.1 Lexical Exceptions................................................................................12 1.3.2 Phrasal Exceptions ...............................................................................12 1.4 Morphophonemic Alternations..................................................................13 1.4.1 Velar with Palatal .................................................................................13 1.4.2 Velar with Dental .................................................................................13 1.4.3 Dental or Velar with Palatal......................................................................13 1.4.4 Cluster Simplification ............................................................................13 1.4.5 Dissimilation with -c#e ............................................................................14 1.4.6 Progressive Voicing Assimilation ..............................................................14 1.4.7 Isolated Consonantal Alternations ..............................................................14 1.4.8 Vowel~Zero Alernations.........................................................................14 1.4.9 Vocalic Alternations ..............................................................................15 2 Morphology .......................................................................................15 2.1 Nouns..............................................................................................15 2.1.1 Gender .............................................................................................15 2.1.2 Number ............................................................................................15 2.1.3 Definiteness .......................................................................................17 2.1.4 Case ................................................................................................18 2.1.5 Noun Derivation ..................................................................................19 2.2 Adjectives..........................................................................................21 2.2.1 Gender/Number...................................................................................21 2.2.2 Definiteness .......................................................................................21 2.2.3 Gradation ..........................................................................................21 2.2.4 Adjective Derivation..............................................................................22 LW/M 117 2 MACEDONIAN 2.3 Pronouns ..........................................................................................22 2.3.1 Personal............................................................................................22 2.3.2 Possessive.........................................................................................23 2.3.3 Deictic..............................................................................................23 2.3.4 Interrogative.......................................................................................23 2.3.5 Totalizing ..........................................................................................24 2.4 Numerals ..........................................................................................24 2.4.1 Cardinal (non-virile)..............................................................................24 2.4.2 Virile ...............................................................................................24 2.4.3 Definiteness .......................................................................................24 2.4.4 Ordinals............................................................................................24 2.5 Verbs...............................................................................................25 2.5.1 Inflection...........................................................................................25 2.5.2 Verbal Categories.................................................................................30 2.5.3 Verb Derivation ...................................................................................36 2.6 Adverbs............................................................................................36 2.7 Prepositions .......................................................................................36 3 Syntax..............................................................................................37 3.1 Element Order in Declarative Sentences........................................................37 3.2 Nondeclarative Sentence Types.................................................................40 3.3 Copular and Existential Sentences..............................................................43 3.4 Coordination and Comitativity ..................................................................43 3.5 Subordination .....................................................................................44 3.6 Negation ...........................................................................................46 3.7 Anaphora and Pronouns .........................................................................47 3.8 Reflexives and Reciprocals......................................................................49 3.9 Possession.........................................................................................51 3.10 Quantification .....................................................................................51 Texts ......................................................................................................53 References ....................................................................................................57 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................59 Map ......................................................................................................60 LW/M 117 3 MACEDONIAN Abbreviations ACC accusative NOM nominative ADJ adjective O object ADV adverb QU interrogative AO aorist P perfective AUG augmentative PL plural AUX auxiliary PR present C consonant PRO pronoun COL collective PX proximal DAT dative S subject DEF definite SU subjunctive DIM diminutive SG singular DS distal TR transitive EX expectative (future) V verb F feminine VA verbal adjective HY hypothetical VL vowel HUM humanVNverbal noun I imperfective VV verbal adverb IDF indefinite Ø morphological zero IM imperfect [ ] phonetic transcription ITR intransitive { } morphemic transcription IV imperative / / phonemic transcription LF l-form < > orthographic symbol M masculine > results in N neuter < comes from NEG negative ~ alternates with NN noun ' ' English glosses Italics are used for the transliteration of Macedonian Cyrillic orthography, which is mostly phonemic. The citation form for verbs is the third singular present unless otherwise indicated. LW/M 117 4 MACEDONIAN 0 Sociolinguistic and Geolinguistic Situation 0.1 Geography Macedonia has been the name of a Balkan region since ancient times, when it was bounded by Epirus, Thessaly, and Thrace on the southwest, south, and east. At present geographic Macedonia is best defined as the region bounded by a series of mountains and ranges (Olympus, Pindus, S‹ar, Rhodopes) and the lower course of the river Mesta (Greek: Néstos). It comprises the Republic of Macedonia, the Blagoevgrad District in southwestern Bulgaria (Pirin Macedonia), and the district of Makedhonía in the province of Northern Greece (Aegean Macedonia). Two small parts of eastern Albania