Cultural landscapes: Management and conserva on Les paysages culturels : ges on et conserva on A bibliography Une bibliographie By ICOMOS Documenta on Centre - September 2013 Par le Centre de Documenta on ICOMOS - Septembre 2013 Prepared by ICOMOS Documentation Centre. Updated and edited by Lucile Smirnov. This bibliography refers to documents and materials available at ICOMOS Documentation Centre. It does not intend to be a comprehensive list of scientific literature on cultural landscapes. Any reference can be consulted or scanned, subject to the limits of copyright legislation. Préparé par le Centre de Documentation de l’ICOMOS. Actualisé et mis en page par Lucile Smirnov. Cette bibliographie fait référence à des documents et ouvrages disponibles au Centre de documentation de l’ICOMOS. Elle ne prétend pas constituer une bibliographie exhaustive de la littérature scientifique sur les paysages culturels. Toutes ces références peuvent être consultées ou scannées dans la limite de la loi sur le copyright. Contact ICOMOS Documentation Centre / Centre de Documentation ICOMOS http://www.icomos.org/en/home-doc [email protected] © ICOMOS Documentation Centre, Octobre 2013. ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and sites Conseil International des Monuments et des Sites 49-51 rue de la Fédération 75015 Paris FRANCE http://www.icomos.org Cover photographs: Photos de couverture : Longsheng Rice Terrace, China © Flickr/Rustler2x4; Agave tequilero, Mexico © Flickr / Ana Rodríguez Carrington; Lavaux, Switzerland © Flickr/Jérôme Jacquin Contenu Introduction to Cultural Landscapes ........................................................................ 2 Introduction aux Paysages Culturels ....................................................................... 4 Cultural landscapes: Concept and Definition .......................................................... 6 Management of Cultural Landscapes ..................................................................... 18 Historic landscapes .................................................................................................. 36 Historic urban landscapes (HUL) ............................................................................ 62 Rural & agricultural landscapes .............................................................................. 67 Vineyards Cultural Landscapes ........................................................................................... 75 Rice terraces ........................................................................................................................ 82 Natural landscapes ................................................................................................... 83 Cultural Landscapes by Regions ............................................................................ 93 Africa .................................................................................................................................... 93 Asia and Pacific ................................................................................................................... 97 Arab States ........................................................................................................................ 101 Europe ............................................................................................................................... 103 North America & Israel ....................................................................................................... 119 South America & Caribbean .............................................................................................. 124 Introduction to Cultural Landscapes There exist a great variety of Landscapes that are representative of the different regions of the world. Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment. Certain sites reflect specific techniques of land use that guarantee and sustain biological diversity. Others, associated in the minds of the communities with powerful beliefs and artistic and traditional customs, embody an exceptional spiritual relationship of people with nature. To reveal and sustain the great diversity of the interactions between humans and their environment, to protect living traditional cultures and preserve the traces of those which have disappeared, these sites, called cultural landscapes, have been inscribed on the World Heritage List. Cultural landscapes -- cultivated terraces on lofty mountains, gardens, sacred places ... -- testify to the creative genius, social development and the imaginative and spiritual vitality of humanity. They are part of our collective identity. Definition According to the “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention”, cultural landscapes are cultural properties that represent the "combined works of nature and man" designated in Article I of the Convention. They are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of successive social, economic, and cultural forces, both external and internal. History and Terminology In 1992 the World Heritage Convention became the first international legal instrument to recognise and protect cultural landscapes. The Committee at its 16th session adopted guidelines concerning their inclusion in the World Heritage List. The term "cultural landscape" embraces a diversity of manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature. Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of sustainable land-use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the landscape. The continued existence of traditional forms of land-use supports biological diversity in many regions of the world. The protection of traditional cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in maintaining biological diversity. Categories The most easily identifiable is the clearly defined landscape designed and created intentionally by man. This embraces garden and parkland landscapes constructed for aesthetic reasons which are often (but not always) associated with religious or other monumental buildings and ensembles. The second category is the organically evolved landscape. This results from an initial social, economic, administrative, and/or religious imperative and has developed its present form by association with and in response to its natural environment. Such landscapes reflect that process of evolution in their form and component features. 2 They fall into two sub-categories: a relict (or fossil) landscape is one in which an evolutionary process came to an end at some time in the past, either abruptly or over a period. Its significant distinguishing features are, however, still visible in material form. continuing landscape is one which retains an active social role in contemporary society closely associated with the traditional way of life, and in which the evolutionary process is still in progress. At the same time it exhibits significant material evidence of its evolution over time. The final category is the associative cultural landscape. The inclusion of such landscapes on the World Heritage List is justifiable by virtue of the powerful religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element rather than material cultural evidence, which may be insignificant or even absent. Inscription of Cultural Landscapes on the World Heritage List The extent of a cultural landscape for inscription on the World Heritage List is relative to its functionality and intelligibility. In any case, the sample selected must be substantial enough to adequately respresent the totality of the cultural landscape that it illustrates. The possibility of designating long linear areas that represent culturally significant transport and communication networks should not be excluded. General criteria for protection and management are equally applicable to cultural landscapes. It is important that due attention be paid to the full range of values represented in the landscape, both cultural and natural. The nominations should be prepared in collaboration with and the full approval of local communities. The existence of a category of "cultural landscape," included on the World Heritage List on the basis of the criteria set out in Paragraph 77 of the Operational Guidelines, does not exclude the possibility of properties of exceptional importance in relation to both cultural and natural criteria continuing to be inscribed. In such cases, their outstanding universal value must be justified under both sets of criteria. Source: http://whc.unesco.org/en/culturallandscape 3 Introduction aux Paysages Culturels Il existe une grande variété de paysages représentatifs des différentes régions du monde. Oeuvres conjuguées de l'être humain et de la nature, ils expriment une longue et intime relation des peuples avec leur environnement. Certains sites renvoient à des techniques spécifiques d'utilisation des terres qui assurent et maintiennent la diversité biologique. D'autres, associés dans l'esprit des populations à des croyances, des pratiques artistiques et coutumières très fortes, témoignent d'une exceptionnelle relation