INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION: AFRICAN NGOs AND THEIR RELATIONAL ENVIRONMENT - A STUDY OF MAENDELEO YA WANAWAKE IN KENYA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lisa Marie Aubrey * * * * * The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by C. Alger W. Liddle Adviser I. Mo woe Department o f Political Science UHI Number: 9533925 Copyright 1995 by Aubreyr Lisa Marie All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9533925 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 CopyrightO by Lisa Marie Aubrey To My Parents Luke and Shirley Aubrey & My Daughter Kaari Makeda Aubrey ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many to whom I am indebted, for it is their encouragement and assistance which have taken me from the initial stages of this project through its completion. Without each and every one of these persons the culmination of this project would not have been possible. Dr. Chadwick Alger has been a pillar of support since 1989 when I came to him in search of a supervisor for this project. He has been a source of strength and direction for me. Thanks also go to the other members of my advisory committee, Drs. Bill Liddle and Isaac Mowoe for their suggestions and encouragement. Gratitude is also due to friends and relatives who are too many to name here, who unselfishly offered their assistance and encouraged me to do field research when I began to ask questions about women’s organizations in Africa. Among those I must especially acknowledge is my sister Merinda. I am appreciative of the assistance of the Social Science Research Council and the Institute for the Study of World Politics for making it possible for me to spend one-year in the field. I am also appreciative of the assistance I received from the National Endowment for the Humanities for making it possible for me to have sufficient time to write this document. To Dr. Janet Frantz of the University of Southwestern Louisiana I am grateful for providing for me a space of my own so that I could write, and for critcal feedback on my chapters. To Debbie Olivier of tlhe University of Southwestern Louisiana I am grateful for her technical assistance. To my colleagues at Southern University, Baton Rouge I am thankful for their encouragement, particularly that of Dr. Kingsley Esedo. There are many who nurtured my intellectual curiosity and my interest in Africa along the way which prepared me for the challenge of writing this dissertation. To Drs. Gloria Braxton, Jewel Prestage, Yousef Danesh, the facutly of the African Studies Program at Indiana University I am grateful. There are also very special individuals who gave bits and pieces of themselves which assisted me tremendously in the completion of this work. To Felicity Kairuthi, Dr. Yolanda Comedy, Dr. Rae Ferguson, and Dr. Ibrahim Abdullah I give my sincerest thanks. To Kaari, my baby, I am eternally indebted for giving me the motivation to complete this project. I sincerely appreciate those in my family who gave unselfishly of their time to assist me with care for Kaari, notably my mother Shirley, and my aunt Monita, my sister Tina, my sister-in-law Liz, my father Luke and my brother Jimmy. To the many women and men in Kenya who gave of their time to be interviewed I am eternally thankful. To Enid Fisher and Jay Tettenhorst, who pulled me through the finishing touches of this project, thank you. VITA November 28, 1961 Born - Lafayette, Louisiana 1983 B.A., Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1985 M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1986 CIC Traveling Scholar, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 1990-1991 Instructor, Benjamin Banneker Honors College, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas 1991-1992 Research Associate, Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya 1992-1993 Instructor, Benjamin Banneker Honors College, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas 1994-1995 Visiting Assistant Professor, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science Studies in African Politics, the Developing World, Women in Development, Non- Governmental Organizations TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................... iii VITA..............................................................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................x CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 A Legacy o f Africa’s Failed Development Policies: the Challenge for Scholars......................................................... 4 Africa’s Human Cries: The Practical Rationale for this Study.............5 Chapter Previews........................................................................................ 8 Endnotes....................................................................................................... 9 II. BRIDGING LITERATURE GAPS: FRAMING THE PROBLEM OF THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION...................... 12 State of IOR Theory.................................................................................13 IOR Scholarship Focus — A Bias Toward Domestic Relations and Against International Relations .................................... 15 Attempts to Expand IOR Focus............................................................. 17 Organizations and their Relational Environment..................................18 IOR, Transnational Networks, Relational Environments and NGOs........................................................................ 20 Defining NGOs and Linking the Literature on NGOs to Foreign Donors and African Governments: Two Schools of Thought................................. 26 Definitions -- NGOs, Foreign Donors and Governments................... 27 NGOs.............................................................................................27 Foreign Donors............................................................................29 African Governments...................................................................31 NGOs and their Partners: Two Schools of Thought............................31 The School of NGO Optimism................................................. 32 The School of NGO Pessimism................................................. 33 Women, NGOs and IOR: A Missing Link in Development Theory and Practice........................................... 37 Male Bias in Development Theory........................................................ 38 Women, Organization and IOR ..............................................................43 Specific Reference to Africa................................................................... 45 Framing the Transnational Relationship of MYWO, Foreign Donors and the Kenyan Government: Building on the Foundation of IOR’s Resource Dependency Model (RDM).......................................47 Defining RDM ..............................................................................48 Defining Power: A Consideration of Gender in RDM ........................ 51 Applying Transnational Network Analysis to IOR Phenomena With Resource Dependencies...............................52 The Resource Dependence, Transnational Network and Gender Framework for the Study of the Politics of Development Cooperation.............................55 Endnotes.....................................................................................................58 THE EVOLUTION OF MYWO SINCE 1952 TO THE PRESENT ............70 PART I: MYWO and the State of Emergency.....................................71