DELHI UNIVERSITY LIBRARY CINoP\'5\'3 Ac No ^ Date of release fot loan This book should be returned on or before the date last stamped below An overdue charge of 0 5 nP will be charged for each ^ day the book is kep‘ overtime HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF APADHRAM&A Deccan College Dissertation Series 5 HISTORICAL GRAMMAR of, APABHRAMSA by G. V. TAGARE DECCAN COLLEGE POST-GRADUATE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE POONA HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF APABHRAMSA By GANESH VASUDEV TAGARE B.T., M.A , PH.D. (bOMEAY) Director of Public IriilrtcU'in, Flior Slate POONA 19 4S CODE No. 0 i First Edition ; 750 <ei^, August 1948 Prl«« : Rb. 21 AH Rights Reserved Pri.'^Led by S. Athaiob at the Examii^r Prmi, Medows Street^ Fort, Bombay, and publi&hed by Dr. .S. M. Katre £Dr the Deccan Collrge Post-graduate and Research Institute, 10 Connaught Road, Poona 1. MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO H. H. RAJA SHRMANT SIR RAGUNATHRAO SHAMXABRAO alias BABASAHEB PANDIT PANT SACHIV. K.CiS. RAJASAHEB OF BHOR FOR ms GENEROUS PATRONAGE TO LEARNING CONTENTS Page Frontispiece Dedication . , . , . v Preface ix Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 Chapter I. ApabhramU Phonology 39 Chapter II. Declension in Apabhramsa . , . 104 Chapter III. Conjugation in Apabhram^a . , , 282 Chapter IV. Nominal Stem-Formation in Apabhram^a 335 Index Verborum ., .. .. 343 ,PRE.f AQE Jlie present dlssertaribn oh ApabhraASa was accepted by dw Iffllverthy dfRottibay tm the degree of Ph.t». In September, It required six long years to complete this .work as I was then workin|g as a,secondary teacher at Shor where there are no library facilities for sp(di type of research work. If I could complete this work jn spite of indiHerent health and under very trying circumstances, it is due to the encouragement of His Highness the Rsyasaheb of Bhor and the indpite patience with which my esteemed Guru, Dr. S. M. K.atre, went through all my material and made valued suggestions from time to time, giving me loan facilities of important books on the subject whenever required. “A Historical Grammar of ApahhralhSa” is such a vast subject as would require the study of a lifetime. The application of the chrono-regional method of study to ApabhraAda literature, published so far, has its own obvious limitations and the dme-'space contest of some ApabhraA^a’texts being still unsettled, one has to accept the earlier and later dates of the texts as the upper and lower terminii of the linguistic phenomena represented therein. As this is the first his- torical grammar of ApabhraA^a> the chrono-regional method of study had to be emphasised. Though I had to criticise occasionally some of the theories of the great savaps like Pischel, Grierson, Bloch and others, I express my indebtedness to all of them as early pioneers in the field but for whose labours the present work would have been impossible. It was intended to add sotne mort gecUons and chaptem en Reductions and Extensions in ApabhraASa, NIA and ApabhraBda> ApabhraA^a and Extra-Indian Brateits and other topics in Apa- are publiahed sej»rately in bhraiAfa linguistics in general ; but they Oriental Journals as they could not be included under Historical Grammar. HiellightieKf'Riya^hriBiaRt Sir Raghunathrao Sbankacrao aim. Babas^teb’ Bandit FaaCa Sachiv* the Raj>|aheb ofBhoiv to .deeheated, is wdKMt tlM' preMM wwk is anost respeotfoliy , already known X PUtVACX ai a progreinve ruler. His patronage to learning and munificent dona» tkms to educational, sociid, humanitarian and other cultural activities (^ven outside the State) have given him a highly respected position in the luMurts-of his subjects as well as in those of others in the Indian Bominiem Bom in 1878 in the historical family of Panta Sachivs who saved the Maratha Kingdom in the most critical period of the early 18th century, His Highness inherited a noble tradition of self-sacrifice. After, receiving his higher education in the Deccan College, Poona, the Raja- saheb carefully equipped himself with the necessary accomplishments and varied practical administrative experience both at Poona and in the State. Even as a prince, he was noted for his love of learning, pro- gressive democratic views, sociable nature and nobility of character. Small wonder it is that his accession to the gadi on 18th July, 1922 inaugurated a new era in the history of the State. At the very outset the Rajasaheb removed the longstanding and legitimate grievances of his subjects by givisg them freedom ofthought, speech and association and by abolishing certain invidious mediaeval types of taxes. Removal of untouchability by law marks the liberal spirit of his administration on the social side. In order to improve the efficiency of the Public services of the State, His Highness had to overhaul and to reform the State departments with their various branches ofadministration. The most outstanding feature of his reign is the rapid progress of constitutional reforms. Soon after his accession in 1922 he introduced representative institutions as part of the administrative machinery of the State. The escaUishment of the Executive Council (1924), the l..egislative Council (1928), and Local Self-Government bodies was but a beginning of granting responsible Government in the State. The Government of Bhor State Act (1932), the Diamond Jubilee Celebra- tions of the Rajasaheb (1938), the SUver Jubilee of his Accession to the gadi (1947) were important landmarks in the rapid process of transfor- mation of a mediaeval type of benevolent autocracy into a limited monarchy of the English type. After the Independence Day on 16th August, 1947, His Highness showed a statesmanlike foresight in' die interest of his subjects by ottering into the proposed Union of the PBWACg XI l]^ccan Statd. his greatest act of self-renunciation—peiiaps ^e tioUest one that an Indian Prince can do—is his agrecinont to integrate his State in the free Dominion of India from 1st March IMS. CDbe State ofBhor has been merged in the Indian Dominion since 8th March, 1918). During the quarter of a century since his accession, His Highness made vast improvements in nation-building departments in the interest of Fubhc -well-being, convenience and comforts by constructing roads, bridges and buildings, opening of new charitable dispensaries and by providing other amenities of life. It is, however, in the field of educa- tion that His Highness took keen interest fiom the very beginning. Free Primary Education in the State, founding free-studentships and scholarships for deserving students receiving secondary and collegiate education, housing schools and libraries in excellent buildings, special facilities to Harijan pupils in the form of books and scholarships, and donations to educational and cultural institutions both inside and outside the State, founding of a prize of Rs. 500 in the name of the foundta- of the dynasty for encouraging good works in Marathi Literature are but a few instances of his love of learning. Actuated by this noble sentiment, the Rajasaheb granted study leave and gave a munificent donation of Rs. 3,000 to the Deccan College Research Institute, Poona, for pub- lishing this dissertation. It is, therefore, no mere formality when I respectfully dedicate this work to him. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my teacher Dr. S. M. Katre. If there is any real contribution to our knowledge of NIA linguistics however, in this work, the whole credit is due to him ; the shortcomings, are due to my limitations. It is again Dr. Katre who turanged for the printing of this dissertation and it is due to his meticulous care that we have such a fine edition of a linguistic work. I am thankful to my referee Professor Dr. Siddheshwar Varma, M.A., D.Litt., of Jammu for his critical appreciation of my work. Professor Dr. A.M. Upadhye, M.A., D.Litt. of Kolhapur, in spite of his onerous undertakings, always found time to respond to my queries promptly and was kind enough to read the type-script of my thesis before it was sent to the preks and offer Xll wieface i«any usefiil suggestions, a nutAbcr of which have been incorporatted herein. My thanks arc due to Professor Dr. P. L, Vaidya, MiA., D.Litt. of Poona and Professor Dr. H. L. Jain, M.A., D.Litt. of Kagptir for their prolnpt replies to my queries about Apabhrath^a works and their space-time location ; and lastly to my wife Mrs. Shanta 'Tagate who goaded me on to complete this work. The Staff of the Examiner Press in Bombay have a rate patience and competence in dealing with the conapticated typogr^j^ of this work, and my thanks are due to the Superintendent jbr the great care that he has bestowed on the actual printing. In conclusion, I would very much welcome constructive criticum from my readers to help me further in my studies. Bhor^ February ‘28th,, 1948. G. V.TAfiAJtB. ABBREVIATIONS i Avanti. ABORl Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. Altindische Grammatik. Alt. Gram. J. Wackernaoel’s AMg, Ardha-Magadhl (sometimes Amg.) Ap. Apabhram^a. As. Afokan Inscriptions (At times referred to as Atokai^. AUS Allahabad University Studies. BBe. Bezzenberger Reitrage. BDCRI Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Poona. Bcng. or Bg. Bengali. Bh. Bharata’s Kdtyaiastra (Reftrs to Ap. verses in it abo). BhK. Bhavisatta kahd—H. Jacobi, Manchen, 1918. (ReSia- ence to Gune’s edition is clearly mentioned) Br. Braj, BSL Bulletin de la Societe dt linguistique de Paris. BSOS Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, London. BV Bharatiya Vidyd. Bombay. Cd. Canda’s Prdkrta iaAfoiia—Hoernle, Calcutta 1880 D. Daksiuatya, Ph. Phakki. Dkk. Kasha’s Dohdkosa—M. Shahidulla, Paris 1028.