Zak Jones B228537 School of the Arts Loughborough University PhD Thesis How can the concept of the souvenir explain heritage production and consumption? Zak Jones Contents Index of Illustrations.....................................................................................................4 Abstract......................................................................................................................................7 Introduction...........................................................................................................................9 • Research aims……………………………………………………………………………….12 • Contribution to original knowledge………………………………………………..13 • Methodology and the form of my research……………………………………...14 • Research question and the three stage primary sub questions…………22 • Primary sub question texts…………………………………………………………….34 o What is heritage production and consumption, how does it operate, and what part does the production and consumption of souvenirs play? o How do we understand cultural heritage and its relation to the souvenir? o What role does the souvenir play in the proliferation of the heritage experience industry in Britain? • Chapter summaries………………………………………………………………….….....50 Chapter One. The Object and Its Meaning(s) • Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….....56 • What is meaning and how is it constructed?...................................................58 • The three orders of simulacra………………………………………………………...61 • Punk, pastiche or parody?.......................................................................................66 • The souvenir and kitsch…………………………………………………………….…..73 • The souvenir – meaningful objects……………………………………………...…77 • Meaningful objects – thinking and experiencing…………………………..…81 1 Zak Jones • Signs and meaning - French toys…………………………………………………….83 • Cultural codes and totemism………………………………………………………….94 • Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….100 Chapter Two. The Souvenir: Nostalgia • Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….….101 • The concept of nostalgia as a medical condition………………………………102 • Nostalgia as a social/cultural phenomenon………………………………….….105 • The past and future of nostalgia………………………………………………….…..106 • Nostalgia and loss……………………………………………………………………….….108 • Diasporas………………………………………………………………………………………110 • Political radicalism and nostalgia……………………………………………………113 • Nostalgia and colonialism………………………………………………………………118 • The Country Manor versus the industrial era museum……………………124 • Jamaica Inn and Lanhydrock. The gift shop souvenirs……………………..130 • The National Trust tea towel………………………………………………………….140 • The two army caps………………………………………………………………………...142 • Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….145 Chapter Three. The Souvenir: Innocence • Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….147 • National and personal innocence. The 9/11 World Trade Centre Snow Globe……………………………………..149 • Flight security and permitted objects…………………………………………......161 • The death of Princess Diana…………………………………………………………...164 • A souvenir object as a representation of a group's innocence…………..174 • The political function of the souvenir……………………………………………..189 • Souvenirs and exploitation…………………………………………………………….194 • Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….202 2 Zak Jones Chapter Four. The Souvenir: The treasured experience • Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….204 • The tea towel - celebrating the treasured experience………………………207 • The snow globe: constructing the brand image……………………………….216 • The Welsh snow globe / Welsh tourist board………………………………….222 • Selfridges giant snow globe……………………………………………………………227 • The Harrods Christmas season snow globes…………………………………...233 • Piccadilly Circus Christmas snow globe……………………………………….....238 • London Southbank Centre snow globe……………………………………………244 • Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….247 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................249 Bibliography.........................................................................................................................257 Appendix 1…………………………………………………………………………….270 3 Zak Jones Index of Illustrations Figure 1 – Zak Jones, Yuntai Garden, Guangzhou, China (2012). ................................... 9 Figure 2 – Zak Jones, Yuntai Garden boating lake, Guangzhou, China (2012). ...... 10 Figure 3 – Zak Jones, Ancestral Home/ Mao, Guangzhou (2012), plastic and bronze. ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4 – Zak Jones, Made artefacts diagram. .................................................................. 18 Figure 5 – Zak Jones, Interdisciplinary approach diagram a. ....................................... 19 Figure 6 – Zak Jones, Interdisciplinary approach diagram b. ....................................... 24 Figure 7 – Zak Jones, Subsidiary research questions diagram. ..................................... 26 Figure 8 – Zak Jones, Analytical research system diagram. ........................................... 27 Figure 9 – London News, Columbia Road Market (1869). ............................................ 28 Figure 10 – Zak Jones, Flower market project concept (2013), digitally printed plastic manufactured inflatable, 1000 x 500 x 500 cm. ........................................ 31 Figure 11 –Zak Jones, Willy Wonka's guide to post-soviet building projects (2013), glazed ceramic 10 x 11 x 6cm. ........................................................................................ 32 Figure 12 – Zak Jones, Victorian terrace, tower block (2014), glazed ceramic, 15x 20x 30cm approx. ................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 13 – Zak Jones, Research reading material categories diagram. ................... 51 Figure 14 – Zak Jones, Child worker in cotton mill (2014), ceramic teapot, decal print. 30 x 20 x 20 cm. Ceri Hand Gallery, London. ................................................ 54 Figure 15 – Penguin, The Lagado Academics, Gulliver’s Travels (1992).Mary Evans picture library ....................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 16– Zak Jones, The Two Army Caps (2013), printed textile, 10 x 25 x 2 cm. .................................................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 17 – Zak Jones, Punk style young man, London (2014), photograph. .......... 70 Figure 18 – Zak Jones, Snow globe, Selfridges, Oxford Street, London (2013), Photograph, 300 x 250 x 250 cm approx. .................................................................. 72 Figure 19 – Pierre and Gilles, Madonna and Child (1990), digital print, 329 x 500 cm:Tate Modern, London.... ............................................................................................. 77 Figure 20 – Zak Jones, Figures (2013), Jelutong, fabrics, plastic 40 x 20 x 10 cm. Ceri Hand Gallery, London. .............................................................................................. 89 Figure 21– Zak Jones, Relational vertical sign and horizontal sign value diagram. .................................................................................................................................................... 91 Figure 22- Zak Jones, Table of Characteristics. .................................................................. 91 Figure 23 – Arkinstall and Son Ltd. Ceramic model of Blackpool Tower (Circa 1970), Ceramic, 10x 6x 3cm approx. ........................................................................... 97 Figure 24 – Zak Jones, 1970s tower block and Victorian terrace (2012), glazed earthenware ceramic, 50 x 25 x 25 cm. ...................................................................... 99 Figure 25– Minorsights, The neo classical British residence, Hyderabad, India (2014), photograph. ......................................................................................................... 122 Figure 26 – Zak Jones, Jamaica Inn, Bodmin Moor (2014), photograph................. 131 Figure 27– National Trust, Lanhydrock house (2016), photograph. ....................... 131 Figure 28 – Zak Jones, Teapot with image of the Temple of Apollo, Stourhead Wiltshire, National Trust collectable (2015), photograph. ................................ 136 Figure 29 – Zak Jones, William Morris inspired silk scarf, National Trust collectable (2015), photograph. .................................................................................. 137 4 Zak Jones Figure 30 – Zak Jones, Jamaica Inn hoodie (2014), photograph. .............................. 139 Figure 31 – Zak Jones, Outside the stables tearoom, Lanhydrock (2014), photograph. ......................................................................................................................... 140 Figure 32 – Pat Albeck for National Trust, Pots and pans tea towel (1985), cotton, 30x 50cm. ............................................................................................................................. 142 Figure 33 – Zak Jones, The Two Army Caps (2013), printed textile, 10x 25x 2cm. .................................................................................................................................................. 143 Figure 34 – NTB, World Trade Centre September (2001), photograph.