University of Huddersfield Repository Monchuk, Leanne Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED): Investigating Its Application and Delivery in England and Wales Original Citation Monchuk, Leanne (2016) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED): Investigating Its Application and Delivery in England and Wales. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/27933/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED): INVESTIGATING ITS APPLICATION AND DELIVERY IN ENGLAND AND WALES LEANNE MONCHUK A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2016 Copyright Statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and she has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such Copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. 2 Abstract This thesis has two aims. First, it examines how the principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) are practically applied by a representative sample of 28 Architectural Liaison Officers (ALOs) across England and Wales. Second, it investigates how CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester by Greater Manchester Police Design for Security Consultancy (DFSC). The research demonstrates that when presented with a set of residential plans ALOs are, to varying extents, able to identify locations which time shows have higher levels of crime and disorder. Whilst there is a skill exhibited by ALOs, there is a wide range of performance with some ALOs tending to overstate the risks posed. The skill therefore requires finessing to ensure that ALO input is maximally useful. It is argued that those responsible for the application of CPTED should be afforded more training and resources to allow them to develop this skill. Research underpinning ALO advice also needs to be developed. The way in which CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester is atypical when compared to other forces across England and Wales. CPTED in Manchester is applied by former built environment professionals and a fee is charged for the production of a Crime Impact Statement (CIS). The aim of the CIS is to ensure that CPTED is considered early in the design and planning process. The thesis reports on how the CIS process was delivered during a period of austerity and examines how DFSC liaise with key stakeholders in compiling the CIS. The associated police recorded crime data for four residential CIS developments is reviewed as a means of measuring the extent to which the developments experienced crime and disorder compared to the immediate surrounding area. During the period of analysis no burglary offences were recorded. Analysis reveals that the involvement of DFSC is dependent upon a client being aware of the policy requirement for a CIS to accompany major planning applications. Some clients request a CIS late in the design and planning process, which limits the time DFSC can appraise the scheme and provide a consultative service. The content and structure of the CIS’ varies depending upon when and by whom the CIS is written. Whilst CPTED is an important consideration for LPAs across Manchester, it is only one consideration, amongst others, for planning officers. 3 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support, expertise and advice of a number of people and organisations. I would like to thank all the participants that agreed to take part in this study. Without them there would be no thesis. I’d like to thank them all for taking the time to meet with me to be interviewed or observed. I’d particularly like to thank Sue Fletcher, Chief Inspector Umer Khan and all of the team at Greater Manchester Police. I’d like to make a particular mention to the former Head of Design for Security, Mike Hodge. Mike was such an inspirational and charismatic man whose passion and enthusiasm for designing out crime was simply infectious. I’m indebted to the overwhelming support and guidance from my three excellent supervisors: Professor Rachel Armitage, Professor Ken Pease and Melanie Flynn. I am particularly grateful to both Rachel and Ken for always being there either on the end of an email, Whatsapp! or even Instagram with words of support and encouragement. It has been an absolute honour and privilege to have been supervised by you and I have learnt so much from you all – thank you! I’d also like to thank colleagues and friends that have been there to support me on this journey. In particular, thanks to Kirsty Thomson, Michael Cowan, Professor Barry Percy- Smith, Michael Brooke, Dr Max McLean, Rebecca (‘Duzza’), Hannah, Sarah, Carl, Helen, Adam, Jaime and my friends from afar – Garner and Nichole (thank you for providing THE most excellent writing location)! Finally, thanks to my family, especially Robbie. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 4 Chapter One: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Setting the scene ........................................................................................................ 18 1.2 Burglary ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.3 Preventing burglary ................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Greater Manchester Police (GMP) ............................................................................ 22 1.5 The aims and objectives of the thesis ........................................................................ 22 Chapter Two: Literature Review ........................................................................................... 25 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 26 2.2 From traditional criminology to a new genre of criminological discourse ............... 26 2.3 The cost of domestic burglary ................................................................................... 27 2.4 Environmental Criminology ...................................................................................... 29 2.5 Opportunity Theories ................................................................................................ 29 2.51 Routine Activity Theory .................................................................................... 29 2.511 The evolution of Routine Activity Theory ................................................. 33 2.52 Crime Pattern Theory ......................................................................................... 35 2.53 Rational Choice Perspective .............................................................................. 38 2.6 Crime Prevention....................................................................................................... 40 2.61 Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) .................................................................. 41 2.7 CPTED ...................................................................................................................... 45 2.71 Defining CPTED ................................................................................................ 46 2.72 Principles of CPTED.......................................................................................... 47 2.721 Territoriality or defensible space ...............................................................