JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE VOLUME 21 | NUMBER 1 | SPRING 2012 i Letter from the Editor Maanasa K. Reddy 1 Women’s Political Participation in Sub- Anna-Kristina Fox Saharan Africa: Producing Policy That Is Important to Women and Gender Parity? 21 Russia and Cultural Production Under Alina Shlyapochnik Consumer Capitalism 35 Somaliland: A Model for Greater Liat Krawczyk Somalia? 51 Regulatory Convergence and North Inu Barbee American Integration: Lessons from the European Single Market 75 Elite Capture or Capturing the Elite? The Ana De Paiva Political Dynamics Behind Community- Driven Development 85 America’s Silent Warfare in Pakistan: An Annie Lynn Janus Analysis of Obama’s Drone Policy 103 Asia as a Law and Development Exception: Does Indonesia Fit the Mold? Jesse Roberts 119 Islamic Roots of Feminism in Egypt and Shreen A. Khan Morocco Knut Fournier Letter from the Editor Maanasa K. Reddy Dear Reader, Many of my predecessors have lamented the Journal’s lack of thematic coherence; I believe that this, the 20th Anniversary, issue has taken a step forward. The first and last articles of the issue discuss gender and feminism, which you may point out isn’t really thematic coherence. This is true; however, I am proud to present a Journal comprised of eight articles, written by eight incredibly talented female authors and one equally talented male co-author on a variety of international service issues. The Journal receives many submissions for every issue with about a 45/55 split from males and females respectively, according to data from the past three years of submissions. The selection process is blind, with respect to identity and gender, and all selections are based on the merits of the writing and relevance of the content. The staff that made these selections had an equal number of male and female students. Thus, I feel it is important to pause and consider the importance of this moment. My own personal interest in studying at the School of International Service with a concentration in International Development stemmed from a desire to advocate for better refugee camp infrastructure in camps around the world, particularly with regard to better serving the needs of women and children in such camps. The students at SIS both male and female have a plethora of interests and I am pleased about the thematic emergence of the issue for two reasons—beyond my own personal academic pursuits. First, this field, which has historically been dominated by white males, appears to be experiencing a surge of talented females. This surge is creating a needed diversity in problem solving that will include both genders concerns. Second, of the articles selected, two of the eight concern women’s rights and feminism. I believe that this selection reflects a relevance and importance of these issues, which I hope grows to be the norm in a short period of time. This Journal has accomplished much in the past 20 years, and had acted as a forum for students to explore and share their ideas, interests, and passions, all while evolving to reflect on the School of International Service and the state of world affairs. As such, I could not be more ecstatic about the issue before you now. Best, Maanasa K. Reddy Editor-in-Chief [email protected] Journal of International Service Abstracts WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: PRODUCING POLICY THAT IS IMPORTANT TO WOMEN AND GENDER PARITY? Anna-Kristina Fox This paper examines whether increased numbers of women and legislative quotas produce policies that enhance the lives of women and girls and contribute to gender parity. Analyzing a cross-national time series of all Sub- Saharan African countries, this paper concludes that while enhanced numbers of women in legislative office may at first produce unanticipated effects on policy outcomes, negative impacts seem to disappear and positive effects on social rights for women begin to emerge over time. In contrast, quotas adopted voluntarily by political parties as well as by legal mandate surprisingly yet consistently produce desirable results on education and mortality rates but negative impacts on social rights for women. While the results of this study vary, it seeks to start a conversation regarding the impact of increased numbers of women in government on policy outcomes. RUSSIA AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION UNDER CONSUMER CAPITALISM Alina Shlyapochnik The article analyzes the effects of recently introduced capitalism on post-Soviet Russian society; a society that abruptly lost its dominant belief system in the collapse of the USSR, and appears both highly susceptible and averse to capitalism’s foreign notions. Looking at western capitalism’s embedded mode of cultural production through the market, the article examines how it has influenced the values, ethics, and desired lifestyles circulating in Russian discourse and practice. In analyzing this question, the author compares the characteristics of western capitalism and its mode of disseminating ideas with those of the Russian society that received them. The article further focuses on advertising, analyzing the types of commercials that are currently produced and broadcast, and, through opinion poll data and secondary sources, analyzes the related attitudes and lifestyles that have manifested themselves among the population. With an incomplete market transition and persistent government control, the Russian culture industry’s terrain is less dense than that of its western counterparts, and this article argues that certain plainly distinguishable extremes as well as hybrid cultural forms have taken shape there. Spring 2012 ii Journal of International Service SOMALILAND: A MODEL FOR GREATER SOMALIA? Liat Krawczyk This paper explores whether Somaliland can offer prospects for alternative peace- and state-building models in greater Somalia. It begins by outlining Somaliland’s development path and delineating the characteristics that led to its success. These include an organic, bottom-up peace- and state-building process, long-term reconciliation efforts, and the formation of a hybrid state that borrows modern elements while incorporating traditional institutions. It then explores southern Somalia’s resistance to peace- and state-building measures. In particular, it explores the zero-sum mentality towards state control stemming from a legacy of state repression and political fragmentation under the Barre administration. Finally, it aims to distinguish which peace- and state-building characteristics are particular to Somaliland and can only work in its context, and examines conceptual and practical lessons for greater Somalia. Unique traits that have allowed for Somaliland’s success include the strength of traditional institutions, lack of foreign aid, relative homogeneity, and a distinct colonial history. Similarly, southern Somalia’s distinct context requires responses such as a systems- rather than a state-based approach to governance. Yet, some lessons can be extrapolated from Somaliland and applied in the greater Somali context—in particular, the importance of pursuing peace-building efforts prior to state-building. REGULATORY CONVERGENCE AND NORTH AMERICAN INTEGRATION: LESSONS FROM THE EUROPEAN SINGLE MARKET Inu Barbee Canada, Mexico, and the United States are partners in an incomplete and at times uneven integration process. At the heart of NAFTA’s many challenges are regulatory differences that have plagued the economic relationship since its inception. In this regard, much can be learned from the European Union, and more specifically, its drive for regulatory convergence through the revitalization of the single market program. An assessment of the North American approach to regulatory convergence, examined comparatively to the EU, will shed light on possibilities for reform and a way forward. A discussion of the unique institutional imperative of EU institutions and their relationship with the member states will be central to this analysis, serving to highlight that NAFTA’s weakest point is the lack of institutional prerogative and continuity at the bureaucratic level, coupled with insubstantial political leadership from above. Spring 2012 iii Journal of International Service ELITE CAPTURE OR CAPTURING THE ELITE? THE POLITICAL DYNAMICS BEHIND COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT Ana De Paiva Since the mid-1990s, community-driven development (CDD) has been hailed as a promising solution to the notoriously ineffective top-down approaches of development assistance. This article will scrutinize an aspect of CDD not often discussed at length by practitioners: the problem of elite capture of benefits. The paper draws on important works and case histories to assess the phenomenon from varied angles, and to offer a comprehensive review of elite capture based on the “4 Ws”: when it tends to happen, why, who does the “capturing,” and where it has (or has not) been recorded. Additionally, it will propose that the type of elite in power determines whether projects have beneficial outcomes for the entire community. Finally, it will suggest ways to circumvent the problem, including by “capturing the elite,” with a special role for CDD project facilitators and participatory action research. AMERICA’S SILENT WARFARE IN PAKISTAN: AN ANALYSIS OF OBAMA’S DRONE POLICY Annie Lynn Janus In addressing the transnational threat that Pakistan’s safe havens pose, the Obama administration has been grappling with the problem of finding a means to wage war in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas