"One of the most significant achievements in science” The Chemical Elements Trieste May, 16, 2019 Periodic Table of the Elements affixed on the Chemistry building of the University of Murcia (Spain) The Earth composition 78.04 % Nitrogen Ocean 70 % Continents 30 % 20.94 % Oxygen Crust (weight) Crust 2.5 % Water 0-100 0.93 % Argon 46.6 % Oxygen Air km 4.0 10-2 % Carbon dioxide 27.7 % Silicon 8.1 % Aluminum Lithosphere (0 to -100 km) 181.4 10-5 % Helium Mantle solid rock 20-200°C (15 tectonic plates) -5 5.0 % Iron 2900 km 52.4 10 % Neon Asthenosphere (-100 to -400 km) -5 3.6 % Calcium 11.4 10 % Krypton (84 % (Molten rocks) 2.8 % Sodium, volume) 2.6 % Potassium Alumino Lower mantle (-700 to -2900 km) 2.1 % Magnesium silicates Viscous liquid High convection area 200 to 4000°C Earth radius 35% Iron 6378 km 30% Oxygen Outer core 15% Silicon Core 2200 km 13% Magnesium 3450 km 5000°C 02% Nickel Liquid 02% Sulfur Iron Nickel Inner core 01% Calcium 1250 km 01% Aluminum 5000°C 01% Others Solid Tectonic plates: North American, Caribbean, South American, Scotia, Antarctic, Eurasian, Arabian, African, Indian, Philippine, Australian, Pacific, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca Chemical elements Chemical elements in human life Chemical elements in human life Agriculture Pactol river (Gold, Cresus) Art (Jewelry) Construction Gold coin Lydia Industry 550 BC Silicon 27.7 % Aluminum 8.1 % Energy Iron 5.0 % Gold 3.1×10-7% Tutankhamun’s iron dagger blade 1340 BC Economy Anteros Piccadilly Circus (1892) Head (1816) of 'antiquarian’ collections of the future National Museum of Denmark (Copenhagen). 3.400.000 BC 8700-2000 BC 3000 BC 1200 BC 1200 BC 50 BC 9 Elements (1) Identification & extraction of minerals, (2) Separation of the metal or its oxide from the ore, (3) Invention of chemical reactions 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C -> 4 Fe + 3 CO2 (4) Invention of the concept of “alloy” to 300 AC 1300 AC 1600 AC 1820 AC 1960 AC produce bronze (Cu + Sn), 9 Elements (5) Mastering fire, (6) Mastering ceramic art, (7) Mastering molding, (8) Mastering forging the metal (tools to hammer, bend, and cut), (a) Mastering economic exchanges, 1945 AC (b) Invention of the “recycling” concept. 118 Elements The periodic table of elements: Comments Atomic Number, Atomic Symbol, Name; 22, Ti, Titanium; 61, Pm, Promethium; 100, Fm, Fermium; 23, V, Vanadium; 62, Sm, Samarium; 101, Md, Mendelevium; 24, Cr, Chromium; 63, Eu, Europium; 102, No, Nobelium; 25, Mn, Manganese; 64, Gd Gadolinium; 103, Lr, Lawrencium; 26, Fe, Iron; 65, Tb, Terbium; 104, Rf, Rutherfordium; 27, Co, Cobalt; 66, Dy, Dysprosium; 105, Db, Dubnium; 28, Ni, Nickel; 67, Ho, Holmium; 106, Sg, Seaborgium; 29, Cu, Copper; 68, Er, Erbium; 107, Bh, Bohrium; 30, Zn, Zinc; 69, Tm, Thulium; 108, Hs, Hassium; 31, Ga, Gallium; 70, Yb, Ytterbium; 109, Mt, Meitnerium; 32, Ge, Germanium; 71, Lu, Lutetium; 110 ,Ds, Darmstadtium; 33, As, Arsenic; 72, Hf Hafnium; 111, Rg, Roentgenium; 34, Se, Selenium; 73, Ta, Tantalum; 112, Cn, Copernicium; 35, Br, Bromine; 74, W, Tungsten; 113, Nh, Nihonium; 36, Kr, Krypton; 75, Re, Rhenium; 114, Fl, Flerovium; 37, Rb, Rubidium; 76, Os, Osmium; 115, Mc, Moscovium; 38 Sr, Strontium; 77, Ir, Iridium; 116, Lv, Livermorium; 39, Y, Yttrium; 78, Pt, Platinum; 117, Ts, Tennessine; 118, Og, Oganesson, 1, H, Hydrogen; 40, Zr, Zirconium; 79, Au, Gold; 2, He, Helium; 41, Nb, Niobium; 80, Hg, Mercury; 3, Li, Lithium; 42, Mo, Molybdenum; 81, Tl, Thallium; 4, Be, Beryllium; 43, Tc, Technetium; 82, Pb, Lead; 5, B, Boron; 44, Ru, Ruthenium; 83, Bi, Bismuth; 6, C, Carbon; 45, Rh, Rhodium; 84, Po, Polonium; 7, N, Nitrogen; 46, Pd, Palladium; 85, At, Astatine; 8 O Oxygen; 47, Ag, Silver; 86, Rn, Radon; 9, F, Fluorine; 48, Cd, Cadmium; 87, Fr, Francium; 10, Ne, Neon; 49, In, Indium; 88, Ra, Radium; 11, Na, Sodium; 50, Sn, Tin; 89, Ac, Actinium; 12, Mg, Magnesium; 51, Sb, Antimony; 90, Th,239 Thorium4 ; 13, Al,242 Aluminum1 ; 52, Te, Explosion of a Supernova 94 Pu + 2He 96 Cm + 0 n (162 days) Tellurium; 91, Pa, Protactinium; 14, Si, Silicon; 53, I, Iodine; 92, U, Uranium; 15, P, Phosphorus; 54, Xe, Xenon; 93, Np, Neptunium; 16, S, Sulfur; 55 Cs Cesium; 94, Pu, Plutonium; 17, Cl Chlorine; 56 Ba Barium; 95 Am Americium; 18 Ar Argon; 57, La, Lanthanum; 96, Cm, Curium; 19, K, Potassium; 58, Ce, Cerium; 97, Bk, Berkelium; 20, Ca, Calcium; 59, Pr, Praseodymium; 98, Cf, Californium; 21, Sc, Scandium.118 elements Organization of chemical elements in 2019 Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight/mass Periodic system Periodic table LowerP e r i o d Groups Higher Original vertical version of the periodic system in original handwriting and in print from D. Mendeleev (1869) Chemical elements and elemental substances Carbon Carbon allotropes Chemical Element: Isotopes Refers to: • A collection of chemical substances composed of one or several atoms that possesses the same number 11-Carbon Lesedi la Rona 222.2 g of protons in their atomic nucleus. (Elementary Substance) 12-Carbon • Collection of atoms present in chemical substances (elementary substances, Graphite block chemical compounds and allotropes) that possess each 13-Carbon the same number of protons C-60 Fullurene in their atomic nucleus. 14-Carbon AlCl Li 4 H H C SbF6 C CholesterolC C H H H Nanotube Hydrocarbons Elements prehistory Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Honenheim 9 Elements known Chemical elements 1661-1869 Elements are the indecomposable constituents of materials and are 1661, R. Boyle 13 Elements including S, Hg composed of particles of different sorts and sizes, Sceptical Chymist Earth, air, fire, water + salts Boyle made the distinction between compounds and mixtures, and was the first disclose the term “Analysis” to detect ingredients. 1789, A. Lavoisier 28 Elements All substances which we have not yet been able by any means Traité élementaire de Chimie Light + caloric to decompose Atomic weight as a useful characterization of a chemical 1808, J. Dalton 45 Elements element Properties of elements periodically related to their atomic 1869, D. Mendeleev 65 Elements weights, organized in a periodic system. Predict the existence of some unknown elements. Known chemical elements prehistory-2019 +28 98/118 +17 +15 +12 +16 33/118 114/118 58/118 70/118 +4 118 +1 +1 +2 16/118 Pure wrought iron13/118 pillar 14/118 Wrought iron Tour Eiffel (400 AC, New Dehli (1889, Paris) 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 (7x0.42 m, 6000 Kg) (125x324 m, 7300x103 Kg) Known chemical elements prehistory Prehistory Stibine ”Khol” (Louvre) Sb2S3 Known chemical elements in 1661 (Alchemists) Prehistory Alchemy Known chemical elements in 1789 Prehistory Alchemy Lavoisier Known chemical elements in 1808 Prehistory Alchemy Lavoisier Dalton Prehistory Alchemy Lavoisier Dalton Mendeleev Mw 44 Mw 68 Mw 72 Mw 98 Periodic table of Elements 1869 Chemical elements in the 1800’s Organize some elements by three in a group 1817, J. W. Dobereiner (Triads) and predicts the atomic weight of the middle one from the others Organize some elements by three in groups in a 1817, L. Gmelin “Y” arrangement related to their atomic weight He was the first to propose a periodicity of elements 1862, A.-E. Béguyer de Chancourtois arranged in order of their atomic weights. Organize the 56 elements known (no more) according to their increasing atomic weight using its octave rule 1863, J. Newlands in which every eight element possess similar properties to that of the first Organized according to the valence then to the 1864-1869 J. Lothar Meyer atomic weight of elements Dobreiner triads Organize some elements by three in a group (Triads) and predicts the atomic weight of the middle one from the others. Gmelin system Atomic number Z and the chemical elements A. van den Broek proposed that atomic charge is Proposed the concept of atomic number leading the determining character of an element. He was the modern form of the periodic table. Paved the instigator of the work of G. J. Moseley. the way for the discovery of seven new elements unknown in 1914. 1911, van den Broek Moseley discovered that X-rays characteristic of each element present in a solid are emitted when this solid is hit by high-energy electrons. Moseley law states that the square root of the frequency of the emitted X-ray is proportional to He found that atomic charge is the determining the atomic number of the element character of an element and therefore that 1913, G. J. Moseley elements can be organized according to their atomic numbers. Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element Discovered isotopes which differ in neutron number, and consequently in nucleon number. 1913, F. Soddy 89 Elements Prehistory Alchemy Lavoisier Dalton Mendeleev Moseley Periodic table of Elements 1913 Natural-/synthetic-/radiaoactive-isotopes Natural 1896, 339 natural nuclides Natural H. Becquerel 253 primordial stable nuclides radioactive Radioactivity 33 radioactive natural nuclides Very unstable Synthesis of chemical elements Synthesized the first unnatural element (curium) Proposed that actinides fill an f-sub-level as and 9 other including plutonium and more than lanthanides instead in the d-block row unnatural isotopes using Berkley cyclotron built by Was the last one to involve a change at the E. McMillan. periodic table 1945, G. Seaborg 95 Elements New Zealand stamp honoring the first transmutation 1896, H. Becquerel German stamp honoring Otto Hahn for described by the New-Zealander Rutherford Discovery of radioactivity discovering nuclear fission Prehistory Alchemy Lavoisier Dalton Mendeleev Moseley 2019 Periodic table of Elements 2017 Mono-isotopic natural chemical elements Polyisotopic natural chemical elements 339 natural nuclides + 29 synthetic radionuclides 253 primordial stable nuclides 33 radioactive natural nuclides 3000 synthetic nuclides F.