Annotated Bibliography Impacts of Noise on Wildlife National Park Service Natural Sounds Program Center [Frank Turina and Jesse Barber] Annotated Bibliography Impacts of Noise on Wildlife Title Citation Abstract Literature Reviews Dooling, R. J., Lohr, B. & Dent, M. L. 2000. Hearing in birds and reptiles. In: Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles (Ed. by R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay & A. N. Popper), pp. 308– 359. New York: Springer–Verlag. Fay, R. R. 1988. Hearing in Vertebrates: a Psychophysics Data Book. Winnetka, Illinois: Hill–Fay. Tits, noise and urban Katti M and Warren PS, 2004, Tits, noise and urban Humans, particularly in cities, are noisy. Researchers are only just beginning to identify the implications of an increase in noise for bioacoustics bioacoustics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19(3):109- species that communicate acoustically. In a recent paper, Slabbekoorn 110 and Peet show, for the first time, that some birds can respond to anthropogenically elevated noise levels by altering the frequency structure of their songs. Cities are fruitful grounds for research on the evolution of animal communication systems, with broader implications for conservation in human-altered environments. The Effects of Aircraft Kempf, N. & O. Hueppop, 1997,: “The Effects of Aircraft The discussion of noise effects involves physical, physiological aspects making an evaluation quite difficult. In humans the effects of Noise on Wildlife; a Noise on Wildlife; a Review and Comment”. Vogel und noise range from discomfort to severe, irreversible damage. In Review and Comment. Luftverkehr, Bd. 1/97: 58-70 laboratory animals only strong and long lasting noise causes physiological changes that can affect health. These findings are only partly applicable to wild animals. Field studies have to deal carefully with (1) methodological difficulties in measuring sound pressure levels, (2) interspecific differences of auditory sensitivity, and (3) problems in interpreting behavioural reactions in the field. Non-standardized methods of observations and analysis make a comparison of the results found in the literature almost impossible. Especially the noise of aircraft can scarcely be assessed separately from its optical appearance. Optical or acoustical stimuli taken separately have only minor effects with the optical stimulus evoking the stronger reaction; even soundless paragliders can cause panic flights. In general, noise plays a minor role as a disturbance factor, but in combination with optical stimuli can trigger a reaction. Sonic booms and jet aircraft noise sometimes cause startle responses, which mostly do not result in severe consequences. Apparently, animals can adapt to high noise 1 Annotated Bibliography Impacts of Noise on Wildlife National Park Service Natural Sounds Program Center [Frank Turina and Jesse Barber] exposure. When animals react to aircraft noise, it is often due to previous experience associating the noise with an aircraft. Aside from a few accident caused by panic flights, negative consequences of aircraft noise per se on individuals and populations are not proven. In contrast aircraft traffic in general can cause a variety of damages. Concerning the effects of noise on wildlife, many questions remain. Responses of cetaceans to Nowacek DP, Thorne LH, Johnston DW and Tyack PL, 1. Since the last thorough review of the effects of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans in 1995, a substantial number of research reports has anthropogenic noise Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise. 2007, been published and our ability to document response(s), or the lack Mammal Review 37(2):81-115 thereof, has improved. While rigorous measurement of responses remains important, there is an increased need to interpret observed actions in the context of population-level consequences and acceptable exposure levels. There has been little change in the sources of noise, with the notable addition of noise from wind farms and novel acoustic deterrent and harassment devices (ADDs/AHDs). Overall, the noise sources of primary concern are ships, seismic exploration, sonars of all types and some AHDs. 2. Responses to noise fall into three main categories: behavioural, acoustic and physiological. We reviewed reports of the first two exhaustively, reviewing all peer-reviewed literature since 1995 with exceptions only for emerging subjects. Furthermore, we fully review only those studies for which received sound characteristics (amplitude and frequency) are reported, because interpreting what elicits responses or lack of responses is impossible without this exposure information. Behavioural responses include changes in surfacing, diving and heading patterns. Acoustic responses include changes in type or timing of vocalizations relative to the noise source. For physiological responses we address the issues of auditory threshold shifts and ‘stress’, albeit in a more limited capacity; a thorough review of physiological consequences is beyond the scope of this paper. 3. Overall, we found significant progress in the documentation of responses of cetaceans to various noise sources. However, we are concerned about the lack of investigation into the potential effects of prevalent noise sources such as commercial sonars, depth finders and fisheries acoustics gear. Furthermore, we were surprised at the number of experiments that failed to report any information about the sound exposure experienced by their experimental subjects. Conducting experiments with cetaceans is challenging and opportunities are limited, so use of the latter should be maximized and include rigorous measurements and or modeling of exposure. Avian Communication in Particelli GL and Blickley JL, 2006, Avian communication in In this overview, we ask three questions: (1) what features of a bird’s vocalization can be adjusted to reduce masking, (2) how do these Urban Noise: Causes and urban noise: causes and consequences of vocal adjustment. adjustments come about, and (3) what are the consequences of these Consequences of Vocal The Auk 123(3):639-649 changes for individual fitness and population persistence? The Adjustment answers to these questions depend on the morphological, 2 Annotated Bibliography Impacts of Noise on Wildlife National Park Service Natural Sounds Program Center [Frank Turina and Jesse Barber] developmental, and behavioral underpinnings of the vocalization, and the context in which the vocalization is used. This is an area where knowledge of physiology, developmental neurobiology, animal behavior, and behavioral ecology all contribute to understanding how animals adjust (or fail to adjust) to anthropogenic change. A Review of the Effects of Pepper, Christopher B., Nascarella, Marc A.; Kendall, Ronald Military and civilian aircraft overflights are an issue that may impact the quality of life for millions of United States residents. Aircraft noise Aircraft Noise on Wildlife J. 2003, “A review of the effects of aircraft noise on wildlife annoys many people worldwide and is generally thought to adversely and Humans, Current and humans, current control mechanisms, and the need for affect some wildlife species. In light of increasing demands being Control Mechanisms, and further study”. [Article] Environmental Management. placed on airspace, and because of technological improvements in acoustical testing, there is a need to reexamine the effects of aircraft the Need for Further 32(4).. 418-432. noise exposure on humans and wildlife. This paper reviews past Study research, current laws and legislation, and presents an argument for the need to revisit the effects of aircraft noise on humans and wildlife. Some evidence suggests that noise may adversely impact wildlife and humans, however, many of the past studies were inconclusive and based on relatively small sample sizes. Given that aircraft noise abatement legislation has been enacted and because of the recent promulgation of community-based noise awareness programs, future studies should be conducted to resolve public policy problems and debates associated with aircraft noise. The need to further study the effects of aircraft noise on humans and wildlife is critical for creating sustainable land use policies near aircraft installations. Data derived from these studies will be used to create sound public policies that enhance the operational capacity of military and civilian aircraft while reducing the opportunity for human and wildlife exposure to aircraft noise. The Effect of Noise on Radle, Lyn Autumn, 1998, “ The Effect of Noise on Wildlife: Most researchers agree that noise can effect an animal's physiology and behavior, and if it becomes a chronic stress, noise can be Wildlife: A Literature A Literature Review” World Forum for Acoustic Ecology injurious to an animal's energy budget, reproductive success and long- Review Online Reader term survival. Armed with this understanding it should follow that http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/wfae/readings/radle.html humans would attempt to minimize the threat to wildlife by reducing the amount of noise that they are exposed to in natural areas; but this has not been the situation. Natural areas continue to be degraded by human-made noise, wildlife continues to suffer from these disturbances, and to date the majority of the debate revolves around the egocentric demands of people to either produce more noise in nature (through motorized recreation, scientific research, military exercises etc.) or experience natural areas in the absence of anthropogenic noise. Neither side has adequately