PSPP Users' Guide GNU PSPP Statistical Analysis Software Release 0.10.4-g50f7b7 This manual is for GNU PSPP version 0.10.4-g50f7b7, software for statistical analysis. Copyright c 1997, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". 1 The authors wish to thank Network Theory Ltd http://www.network-theory.co.uk for their financial support in the production of this manual. i Table of Contents 1 Introduction::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 2 Your rights and obligations :::::::::::::::::::: 3 3 Invoking pspp:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 3.1 Main Options :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 3.2 PDF, PostScript, and SVG Output Options :::::::::::::::::::: 7 3.3 Plain Text Output Options ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 3.4 HTML Output Options :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 3.5 OpenDocument Output Options::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 3.6 Comma-Separated Value Output Options:::::::::::::::::::::: 10 4 Invoking psppire ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 4.1 The graphic user interface ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 5 Using pspp ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 13 5.1 Preparation of Data Files ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 13 5.1.1 Defining Variables :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 14 5.1.2 Listing the data :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 5.1.3 Reading data from a text file ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 5.1.4 Reading data from a pre-prepared pspp file ::::::::::::::: 15 5.1.5 Saving data to a pspp file.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 5.1.6 Reading data from other sources:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 5.1.7 Exiting PSPP :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 5.2 Data Screening and Transformation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 5.2.1 Identifying incorrect data::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 5.2.2 Dealing with suspicious data ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 5.2.3 Inverting negatively coded variables :::::::::::::::::::::: 19 5.2.4 Testing data consistency:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 5.2.5 Testing for normality ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 5.3 Hypothesis Testing :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 5.3.1 Testing for differences of means::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 5.3.2 Linear Regression :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 6 The pspp language::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 6.1 Tokens :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 6.2 Forming commands of tokens:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 29 6.3 Syntax Variants ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 30 6.4 Types of Commands :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 30 6.5 Order of Commands :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 6.6 Handling missing observations ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 32 ii 6.7 Datasets :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 32 6.7.1 Attributes of Variables ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 32 6.7.2 Variables Automatically Defined by pspp ::::::::::::::::: 34 6.7.3 Lists of variable names ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 34 6.7.4 Input and Output Formats ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 34 6.7.4.1 Basic Numeric Formats :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 35 6.7.4.2 Custom Currency Formats::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37 6.7.4.3 Legacy Numeric Formats :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 6.7.4.4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats ::::::::::: 39 6.7.4.5 Time and Date Formats ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 40 6.7.4.6 Date Component Formats ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 6.7.4.7 String Formats :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 6.7.5 Scratch Variables::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 6.8 Files Used by pspp:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 6.9 File Handles :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 6.10 Backus-Naur Form ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 45 7 Mathematical Expressions :::::::::::::::::::: 46 7.1 Boolean Values ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 7.2 Missing Values in Expressions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 7.3 Grouping Operators::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 7.4 Arithmetic Operators ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 7.5 Logical Operators ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 7.6 Relational Operators :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 7.7 Functions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 48 7.7.1 Mathematical Functions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 48 7.7.2 Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions:::::::::::::::::::: 48 7.7.3 Trigonometric Functions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 7.7.4 Missing-Value Functions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 7.7.5 Set-Membership Functions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 50 7.7.6 Statistical Functions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 50 7.7.7 String Functions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 7.7.8 Time & Date Functions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 53 7.7.8.1 How times & dates are defined and represented :::::: 53 7.7.8.2 Functions that Produce Times ::::::::::::::::::::::: 54 7.7.8.3 Functions that Examine Times :::::::::::::::::::::: 54 7.7.8.4 Functions that Produce Dates ::::::::::::::::::::::: 54 7.7.8.5 Functions that Examine Dates ::::::::::::::::::::::: 55 7.7.8.6 Time and Date Arithmetic :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 56 7.7.9 Miscellaneous Functions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 7.7.10 Statistical Distribution Functions:::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 7.7.10.1 Continuous Distributions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 59 7.7.10.2 Discrete Distributions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 62 7.8 Operator Precedence :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 63 iii 8 Data Input and Output ::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 8.1 BEGIN DATA :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 8.2 CLOSE FILE HANDLE::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 8.3 DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 8.4 DATASET commands ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 65 8.5 DATA LIST :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 8.5.1 DATA LIST FIXED:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 Examples :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 68 8.5.2 DATA LIST FREE::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 69 8.5.3 DATA LIST LIST :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 8.6 END CASE ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 8.7 END FILE:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 8.8 FILE HANDLE ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 8.9 INPUT PROGRAM :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 73 8.10 LIST :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 8.11 NEW FILE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 8.12 PRINT :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 8.13 PRINT EJECT :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 8.14 PRINT SPACE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 78 8.15 REREAD:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 78 8.16 REPEATING DATA ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 78 8.17 WRITE ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 80 9 System and Portable File I/O :::::::::::::::: 81 9.1 APPLY DICTIONARY ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 81 9.2 EXPORT ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 82 9.3 GET:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 82 9.4 GET DATA::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 83 9.4.1 Spreadsheet Files::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 9.4.2 Postgres Database Queries ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 9.4.3 Textual Data Files ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 85 9.4.3.1 Reading Delimited Data ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 9.4.3.2 Reading Fixed Columnar Data :::::::::::::::::::::: 88 9.5 IMPORT ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 89 9.6 SAVE::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 89 9.7 SAVE TRANSLATE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 91 9.7.1 Writing Comma- and Tab-Separated Data Files::::::::::: 91 9.8 SYSFILE INFO ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 9.9 XEXPORT ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 9.10 XSAVE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 10 Combining Data Files:::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 10.1 Common Syntax ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 10.2 ADD FILES ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 97 10.3 MATCH FILES:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 98 10.4 UPDATE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 99 iv 11 Manipulating variables ::::::::::::::::::::: 100 11.1 ADD VALUE LABELS ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 100 11.2 DELETE VARIABLES ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 100 11.3 DISPLAY :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 100 11.4 FORMATS ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 101 11.5 LEAVE::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 101 11.6 MISSING VALUES ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 102 11.7 MODIFY VARS :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 103 11.8 MRSETS ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 103 11.9 NUMERIC ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 105 11.10 PRINT FORMATS ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::