2.7 RESEARCH ON SCALE AND PRECISION OF THE WATER CLOCK IN ANCIENT CHINA Quan Hejun Shanghai Observatory, Academia Sinica China The instruments of measuring time have been closely related to astronomy, especially to astrometry. In ancient China, before mechanical clocks were imported from European countries, accurate Water Clocks, main tools for measuring time, had been developed two thousand years ago. In this paper the sizes (mainly the height) of five single vessel-type Clocks of Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-25 A.D.), which were either unearthed in recent years or recorded in some historical documents, are taken as a sample for studying the scaling of indicator-rods and precision of Clock. I WATER CLOCK OF THE HAN DYNASTY The Chinese Water Clock had been created long before the Qin and Han Dynasties. At the latest in Shang Dynasty (1711 B.C.-1066 B.C.) the 100-quarter system which could be used to divide a day equally into one hundred ke. In Zhou Dynasty (1066 B.C.-256 B.C.) the Clocks were used in daily life and work, in the imperial court and the army. At early Western Han, the 100-quarter system was the only system which was used in the Clock. Up to the present, we have found neither any recorded historical documents or picture concerning the Clocks before Han Dynasty, nor any material object. As for the Clocks in Han Dynasty, there are the painting of "Cheng Xiang Fu Clock", the Clock possessed by Prof. Ronggeng, and three Clocks of Western Han Dynasty which were unearthed in recent 25 years from the tomb of Emperor Hanwu, from the tomb of Zhongshan Jing Emperor in the Western Han Dynasty, and from the Inner Mongolia. The type, the size and the structure of these five bronze Clocks are fundamentally similar (Table 1). They are sinking indicator-rods, i.e. outflow Clocks, the four of them are near 20 cm, and the other one is near 10 cm, all of which are smaller than any multivessel Clocks developed later. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 29 Sep 2021 at 18:58:30, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S025292110010586X 58 Hejun: Water clock in ancient China TABLE 1 MAIN SIZE OF THE WATER CLOCK IN WESTERN HAN DYNASTY Name Depth Size diameter Volume Form Cheng Xiang Fu 7.5 cun* 5.8 cun cylindrical Rong Geng 3.7 cun 1.8 cun f! Shaanxi 23.5 cm 10.3 cm 2000 cm3 » Hebei 20 cm 8.6 cm 11 Inner Mongolia 24.2 cm 18.7 cm 11 *cun, a unit of length (~1/3 decimeter) II ANALYSIS OF SCALING OF INDICATOR-RODS &PRECISI0N The precision of the Water Clock is mainly determined by the stability of^outflow. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 A.D.) in China, the Clock was developed into the multivessel, which made outflow more even. Since the rate of outflow in the cylindrical single vessel decreases as the water level reduced, so that the indicator-rods which measure time by means of measuring the height of water level should not be scaled with equal intervals. Indicator-rods were made of materials such as bamboo, wood etc., and they were almost thoroughly rotten when unearthed. Since no historical records could be found, deduction have to be used for analysis. We will discuss on the depth (the height of water capacity) of a single vessel from the viewpoint of unequal scaling, In Fig.1, supose h is the zero level of the water outlet, and h2 - hi = Ahi is the lowest scale in the indicator-rod (1 ke time) (this is a scale with the shortest interval of all the scalings), Ahi is reasonably selected in order for it to be able to distinguish by the observer in practical work. The selection of hi should not be too low, otherwise the cylinder would be very high (see Table 2) tr a Fig.1 If the shape, the length and the caliber of the water outlet pipe are not considered, by means of fundamental principle of hydrostatics, from hi, Ah and hz the value of Ah2, i.e., the value of water level reduction of the last but one ke can be calculated, then the water level reduction of the total N ke can be found also Ah 2 tl3 - h2 h3 hi Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 29 Sep 2021 at 18:58:30, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S025292110010586X Hejun: Water clock in ancient China 59 since Ah2 Ah 3 Ah, Ahi Ah 2 AhN-1 the formaula of a geometrical series can be used for calculating the water level reduction of the total N ke. Ahi(rN-1) HN = r-1 In the Western Han period, like the earlier time, the 100-quarter system was used for time measuring. The lengths of the day time and the night were measured respectively from the instants corresponding to sunrise and sunset. The longest time of the day (night) in north of China was approximately above 60 ke. Let us take 100 ke or 70 ke as the whole scale and then calculate the total length of graduation respectively in order to estimate the depth of the Clock. The results are as follows (see Table 2). Take Ahi = 1mm, 2mm hi = 25,40,60,100,150,250 mm we have the data listed in the Table. TABLE 2 uni t: mm The Water Water Water Water lowest depth Clock depth Clock Ahi level of 70 ke depth of 100 ke depth used H70 H70+hi H100 H100+hi hi 1 25 365 390 1240 1265 1 40 180 225 A 430 470 1 60 130 190 A 250 310 1 100 100 200 A 170 270 1 150 85 235 A 135 285 1 250 80 330 120 370 2 25 5440 5465 55000 55025 2 40 1180 1220 5220 5260 2 60 525 585 1540 1600 2 100 300 400 625 725 2 150 240 390 565 715 2 ""-- -— 250 185 435 " 305 555 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 29 Sep 2021 at 18:58:30, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S025292110010586X 60 Hejun: Water clock in ancient China From the above results we can see that if we take Ahj = 1 mm, the values with A in the Table are all roughly similar to the depth of the unearthed Clocks of the West Han period. If the value of hi is in­ creased by a bit, the depth of the Clock would dramatically increase . The scale of 1 mm is easily distinguished with naked eyes. Because of the continuous moving of the indicator-rod and its nonlinear variation of rate, the scale reading of the single vessel may be set with precision (between half ke and one ke). In the Eastern Han period, the precision of determination of the length of the day or night was merely of 1 ke or so, and so was precision for time measuring. It is not necessary to increase the minimum value of hi and to enlarge the depth of the Water Clock. The values deducted from the unequally scalled indicator-rods show that the sizes of Clocks of the Western Han period known at present are much smaller than any of the multivessel. This is why the single vessel discovered are all with small size. (Table 3)• TABLE 3 Name of multivessel-type Water Clock Size of Water Clock Yansu (Song Dynasty) 2-15 chi* Shen Kuo (Song Dynasty) 3-5 chi Among the people in the Song Dynasty 3 chi Yanyou (Yuan Dynasty) 75 cm Qianlong (Qing Dynasty) 97 cm *chi ~ 1/3 m Because of the low precision of the single vessel, the length of the apparent solar day is used as the standard of the length of a day. The length between two successive apparent solar days varies by less than 0.5 sec, and therefore it is impossible for a low precision single vessel to run for a long time with high precision. Thus it is necessary to check it daily or frequently with the apparent Sun, and hence the time scale measured with a Clock is the time of the apparent Sun. Measuring the length of the day-time and night separately is one of the distinguishing features in time measuring in China, since sunrise was taken as a standard of time measuring at ancient ceremony and sacrifice. In the calendars of ancient dynasties graduations of the day and night in different seasons are given. For instance, graduations for the middle of China are: on the Winter solstice the length of night is 60 ke and on the Summer solstice 40 ke. Accordingly there are more than 180 days between the Winter and Summer solstices, and the difference between the days or nights is equal to 20 ke, that means there is an increasing or decreasing of one ke every nine days. This was the method used in the Qin dynasty. In the early years of the Han dynasty, the Qin's method was still adopted. As variation of the length of the day-time and night at Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core.