Josef Raab Lecture 10: The War on Terror 9/11 and the War on Terror 1. Introduction 2. Leading up to 9/11 3. The Declaration of a War on Terror 4. The “Axis of Evil” 5. Military Operations 6. Criticism of the War on Terror 7. Opinion Polls on the War on Terror 8. Literary Engagements with the War on Terror 9. Conclusion: The War on Terror and National Identity 1. Introduction • Terminology: “War on Terror,” “Global War on Terror,” “War on Terrorism” • Definition: military campaign led by the United States and the United Kingdom since October 2001 against groups/organizations suspected of terrorism against the U.S.A. and regimes supporting those organizations; originally led against al‐Qaeda; term used especially with reference to militant Islamists. • President George W. Bush in a September 16, 2001 interview: “This crusade –this war on terrorism –is going to take a while.” • Bush’s Sept. 20, 2001 Address to the Nation: “Our ‘war on terror’ begins with al‐Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated.” • President Barack Obama in his Jan. 20, 2009 Inaugural Address: “Our nation is at war, against a far‐reaching network of violence and hatred.” • The Obama administration has replaced the term “war on terror” by “Overseas Contingency Operation.” 2. Leading up to 9/11 • 1984: The Reagan administration uses the term “war on terrorism” to pass legislation that allows the freezing of assets held in the U.S. by individuals and groups suspected of terrorism • 1996: The Taliban regime seizes power in Afghanistan; al‐ Qaeda establishes a base of operations in Afghanistan • 1998: Osama bin Laden, as the head of al‐Qaeda, signs a fatwā (juristic ruling) and releases a video, declaring war on the West and Israel • 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania • 2000: attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport • Oct. 2000: suicide attack against the United States Navy destroyer USS Cole in Yemen, killing 17 and injuring 39 American soldiers 3. The Declaration of a War on Terror President George W. Bush’s Address to the Nation, September 20, 2001 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CSPbzitPL8 •“enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country” •“night fell on a different world, a world where freedom itself is under attack” •“a collection of loosely affiliated terrorist organizations known as al‐Qaeda,” “murderers” •al‐Qaeda’s “goal is remaking the world” •“Afghanistan, where they are trained in the tactics of terror,” “to plot evil and destruction” •Taliban rule in Afghanistan as the negation of U.S. ideals: no education for women, no free media, no freedom of religion, no freedom of expression/appearance •demand to the Taliban regime: “hand over every terrorist and every person in their support structure to appropriate authorities” 3. The Declaration of a War on Terror President George W. Bush’s Address to the Nation, September 20, 2001 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CSPbzitPL8 •“Give the United States full access to terrorist training camps so we can make sure they are no longer operating” (U.S. as world police) •“These demands are not open to negotiation or discussion.” (U.S. as superpower) •reaching out to Muslims as adherents of a “good and peaceful” Islam •“The terrorists …are trying to hijack Islam itself.” •“Our war on terror begins with al‐Qaeda, but it does not end there.” 4. The “Axis of Evil” President George W. Bush’s State of the Union Address, Jan. 29, 2002: What we have found in Afghanistan confirms that, far from ending there, our war against terror is only beginning. Most of the 19 men who hijacked planes on September the 11th were trained in Afghanistan’s camps. And so were tens of thousands of others. Thousands of dangerous killers, schooled in the methods of murder, often supported by outlaw regimes, are now spread throughout the world like ticking time bombs, set to go off without warning. … First, we will shut down terrorist camps, disrupt terrorist plans and bring terrorists to justice. And second, we must prevent the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world. … Our second goal is to prevent regimes that sponsor terror from threatening America or our friends and allies with weapons of mass destruction. 4. The “Axis of Evil” President George W. Bush’s State of the Union Address, Jan. 29, 2002: Some of these regimes have been pretty quiet since September 11, but we know their true nature. North Korea is a regime arming with missiles and weapons of mass destruction, while starving its citizens. Iran aggressively pursues these weapons and exports terror, while an unelected few repress the Iranian people's hope for freedom. Iraq continues to flaunt its hostility toward America and to support terror. The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax and nerve gas and nuclear weapons for over a decade. This is a regime that has already used poison gas to murder thousands of its own citizens, leaving the bodies of mothers huddled over their dead children. This is a regime that agreed to international inspections then kicked out the inspectors. This is a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world. 4. The “Axis of Evil” President George W. Bush’s State of the Union Address, Jan. 29, 2002: States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger. They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred. They could attack our allies or attempt to blackmail the United States. In any of these cases, the price of indifference would be catastrophic. We will work closely with our coalition to deny terrorists and their state sponsors the materials, technology and expertise to make and deliver weapons of mass destruction. … Our war on terror is well begun, but it is only begun. This campaign may not be finished on our watch, yet it must be and it will be waged on our watch. We can’t stop short. If we stopped now, leaving terror camps intact and terror states unchecked, our sense of security would be false and temporary. History has called America and our allies to action, and it is both our responsibility and our privilege to fight freedom’s fight. 4. The “Axis of Evil” • May 6, 2002: Under‐Secretary John R. Bolton adds the the list of “rogue states” the nations of Libya, Syria, and Cuba. • January 2005: Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice adds to the “outposts of tyranny” the nations of Belarus, Zimbabwe, and Myanmar. • Parody: Will Ferrell on Saturday Night Live: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjcbTwUoemE • limited basis for inclusion in the “axis of evil”/ “excess of evil”/“access of evil” • foreign and domestic threats • those critical of the President and his policies are excluded as “evil” (unpatriotic, with the enemy) • appeal to consume and boost the economy • reverse designations of “Washington and its allies” as the “axis of evil,” e.g. by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who calls Venezuela, Nicaragua, Cuba, Ecuador, and Bolivia the “axis of good” 5. Military Operations • Operation Active Endeavour: naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea starting in Oct. 2001 • Operation Enduring Freedom: starts Oct. 7, 2001 with the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan; continues in the Philippines, Somalia, Iraq • Operation Iraqi Freedom: March 2003 to Dec. 2011 • Operation New Dawn: after the official end of U.S. military operation in Iraq on Sept. 1, 2010 • Pakistan: – 2001: Pakistan allows the U.S. use of three air bases in Pakistan for Operation Enduring Freedom – 2002ff: Pakistani authorities kill or arrest prominent al‐Qaeda members – 2004: Pakistani army seizes control of areas where al‐Qaeda training camps and hideouts are suspected – May 2, 2011: U.S. special forces raid the compound of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan and kill him 5. Military Operations 5. Military Operations 5. Military Operations Announcement by Pres. Barack Obama after the death of Osama bin Laden http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNYmK19‐ d0U&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL67684DB0BF0E4 DCF •“a terrorist who is responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent men, women, and children” •emotional appeal: “heroic citizens” on flight 93, loss of ordinary Americans, “leaving a gaping hole in our hearts” •“our love of community and country. …we were united as one American family” •“We went to war against al‐Qaeda to protect our citizens, our friends, and our allies.” •“tireless and heroic work our our military and our counter‐ terrorism professionals” •“I directed Leon Panetta …to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of our war against al‐Qaeda.” 5. Military Operations Announcement by President Barack Obama after the death of Osama bin Laden http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNYmK19‐ d0U&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL67684DB0BF0E4DCF •“bring him to justice” •“with extraordinary courage and capability” •“bin Laden was a mass murderer of Muslims. …So his demise should be welcome by all who believe in peace and human dignity.” •“Justice has been done.” •“professionalism, patriotism, and unparalleled courage of those who serve our country” •“America can do whatever we set our mind to. That is the story of our history, whether it’s the pursuit of prosperity for our people, or the struggle for equality for all our citizens, our commitment to stand up for our values abroad, and our sacrifices to make the world a safer place.” (Exceptionalism) •“one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all” (Pledge of Allegiance) 6.