#330 FEBRUARY 2016 Effects of extraction of marine sediments on the marine environment 2005-2011 ICES COOPERATIVE RESEARCH REPORT RAPPORT DES RECHERCHES COLLECTIVES ICES INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA CIEM CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL POUR L’EXPLORATION DE LA MER ICES COOPERATIVE RESEARCH REPORT RAPPORT DES RECHERCHES COLLECTIVES NO. 330 FEBRUARY 2016 Effects of extraction of marine sediments on the marine environment 2005–2011 Authors Rebecca Walker • Henry Bokuniewicz • David Carlin Ingemar Cato • Chris Dijkshoorn • Annelies De Backer Jan van Dalfsen • Michel Desprez • Lara Howe Bryndis G. Robertsdottir • Marcel Rozemeijer Mark Russell • Ad Stolk International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44–46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk [email protected] Recommended format for purposes of citation: ICES. 2016. Effects of extraction of marine sediments on the marine environment 2005– 2011. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 330. 206 pp. Series Editor: Emory D. Anderson The material in this report may be reused for non-commercial purposes using the rec- ommended citation. ICES may only grant usage rights of information, data, images, graphs, etc. of which it has ownership. For other third-party material cited in this re- port, you must contact the original copyright holder for permission. For citation of da- tasets or use of data to be included in other databases, please refer to the latest ICES data policy on the ICES website. All extracts must be acknowledged. For other repro- duction requests please contact the General Secretary. This document is a report of an Expert Group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the view of the Council. Cover image: © OCEANA/Carlos Suárez ISBN 978-87-7482-179-3 ISSN 1017-6195 © 2016 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Contributors .............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Recommendations .................................................................................... 2 Recommendations from Section 4 .......................................................... 2 Recommendations from Section 5 .......................................................... 3 Recommendations from Section 6 .......................................................... 3 2 Review of the quantity, quality, location, and uses of extracted marine sediments ................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Extraction of marine sediments .............................................................. 4 2.2 Sustainable use of aggregate resources ................................................. 4 2.2.1 Uses of marine sediments .......................................................... 6 2.2.2 Construction ................................................................................ 7 2.2.3 Construction fill and land reclamation .................................... 7 2.2.4 Coastal protection ....................................................................... 8 2.2.5 Other uses .................................................................................... 9 2.3 Marine aggregate resources .................................................................. 10 2.4 Review of ICES Member Country activity .......................................... 12 2.4.1 Belgium ...................................................................................... 12 2.4.2 Canada ....................................................................................... 13 2.4.3 Denmark .................................................................................... 13 2.4.4 Estonia ........................................................................................ 14 2.4.5 Finland ....................................................................................... 14 2.4.6 France ......................................................................................... 14 2.4.7 Germany .................................................................................... 15 2.4.8 Greenland and the Faroes ....................................................... 16 2.4.9 Iceland ........................................................................................ 16 2.4.10 Ireland ........................................................................................ 16 2.4.11 Latvia .......................................................................................... 16 2.4.12 Lithuania .................................................................................... 16 2.4.13 The Netherlands ....................................................................... 16 2.4.14 Norway ...................................................................................... 17 2.4.15 Poland ........................................................................................ 18 2.4.16 Portugal ...................................................................................... 18 2.4.17 Russia ......................................................................................... 18 2.4.18 Spain ........................................................................................... 18 2.4.19 Sweden ....................................................................................... 18 2.4.20 United Kingdom ....................................................................... 18 2.4.21 United States ............................................................................. 19 2.5 Management of aggregate dredging activities ................................... 20 2.5.1 Electronic monitoring systems ............................................... 21 2.6 Dredging technology.............................................................................. 25 2.7 Summary .................................................................................................. 27 3 Seabed sediment (resource) mapping programmes of ICES Member Countries ............................................................................................ 28 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 28 3.2 Review of ICES Member Country seabed mapping .......................... 28 3.2.1 Belgium ...................................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Canada ....................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Denmark .................................................................................... 34 3.2.4 Estonia ........................................................................................ 36 3.2.5 Finland ....................................................................................... 41 3.2.6 France ......................................................................................... 43 3.2.7 Germany .................................................................................... 48 3.2.8 Ireland ........................................................................................ 49 3.2.9 Latvia .......................................................................................... 56 3.2.10 Lithuania .................................................................................... 60 3.2.11 The Netherlands ....................................................................... 65 3.2.12 Norway ...................................................................................... 69 3.2.13 Poland ........................................................................................ 70 3.2.14 Portugal ...................................................................................... 76 3.2.15 Russian Federation ................................................................... 81 3.2.16 Spain ........................................................................................... 81 3.2.17 Sweden ....................................................................................... 87 3.2.18 United Kingdom ....................................................................... 94 3.2.19 United States ............................................................................. 96 4 Effects of extraction on the marine environment ........................................ 99 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 99 4.2 Research programmes .......................................................................... 100 4.2.1 The Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF) – UK .... 100 4.2.2 Suivi des Impacts de l'Extraction de Granulats Marins (SIEGMA) – France ................................................................. 101 4.2.3 Building with Nature Programme (Ecoshape) – The Netherlands ..................................................................... 101 4.2.4 MEP: Rijkswaterstaat, LaMER, and Sand Engine – The Netherlands ..................................................................... 101 4.3 Physical effects .....................................................................................