SES Social Inclusion and Energy Managment for Informal Urban Settlements CITY PROFILE ADDIS ABABA Abnet Gezahegn Berhe, Dawit Benti Erena, Imam Mahmoud Hassen, Tsion Lemma Mamaru, Yonas Alemayehu Soressa CITY PROFILE ADDIS ABABA Abnet Gezahegn Berhe, Dawit Benti Erena, Imam Mahmoud Hassen, Tsion Lemma Mamaru, Yonas Alemayehu Soressa Funded by the Erasmus+ program of the European Union The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. The views expressed in this work and the accuracy of its findings is matters for the author and do not necessarily represent the views of or confer liability on the Centre of Urban Equity. © EiABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and City Development.. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Contact: EiABC, P.O.Box 518, Addis Ababa www.eiabc.edu.et Suggested Reference: Erena D. et.al, (2017) City profile: Addis Ababa. Report prepared in the SES (Social Inclusion and Energy Management for Informal Urban Settlements) project, funded by the Erasmus+ Program of the European Union. http://moodle.donau-uni.ac.at/ses/ 2 CITY PROFILE ADDIS ABABA ABSTRACT Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and the The reaction of the present government to these chal- diplomatic centre of Africa, embodies a 130 years lenges is expressed in its growth and transformation of development history that contributes to its cur- programme that embrace the urban development rent socio-spatial features. Its status as a primate agenda. The programme, and other planning related city located at the heart of the nation has made policies and prospects are reviewed in this profile. It Addis Ababa a melting pot of people with diverse also discusses the historical, demographic, socioeco- background and geographic origins. Most of Addis nomic and spatial aspects of Addis Ababa including Ababa’s development challenges can be attributed to the situation of informal settlements. ◆ its unplanned origin and growth, infeasible devel- opment strategies, lack of implementation capacity, Keywords: and widespread poverty that has resulted in chronic Addis Ababa, history, urban development, pover- problems in almost every aspect of the urban life. ty, demographics, policy, informal settlement 3 CITY PROFILE ADDIS ABABA CONTENTS Abstract 3 PART 1 Introduction 5 PART 2 Historical Development 7 PART 3 Economy & Labour Market 10 PART 4 Demography 11 PART 5 Social Condition 12 PART 6 Housing 13 PART 7 Planning regulations and policies: on national/ state/ city level 15 PART 8 Future development plans 27 References: 32 4 CITY PROFILE ADDIS ABABA PART 1 INTRODUCTION Addis Ababa1, the political capital and the most Addis Ababa has sub-tropical highland climate with a important commercial and cultural centre of constant moderate temperature of roughly 23oC aver- Ethiopia, is geographically located at the heart of the age high and 11oC average low throughout the year. nation, 9o2’N latitude and 38o45’E longitude. Its The main rainy season, Kiremt, is from June to early average altitude is 2,400 meter above sea level, with October, and between early March and mid-April, the highest elevations at Entoto Hill to the north there is short period of rainfall called Belg. The average reaching 3,200 meters. This makes Addis Ababa one annual rainfall is about 1,200 mm, out of which close of the high-altitude capital cities of the world. to 80% falls during the main rainy season (NMA 2017). Addis Ababa occupies a total of 540 sq. km land area Addis Ababa is one of the two self-governing char- surrounded by mountainous landscape. Although tered cities in Ethiopia with the status of a special there is no large river passing within or close to autonomous region within the national federal gov- Addis Ababa, the city’s small rivers and streams ernment system. Its Council is accountable both to played an important role in structuring its form. the city voters and the federal government. The city is Figure 1 Inner City of Addis Ababa 1 Addis Ababa, literally meaning ‘new flower’, was named by Empress Taitu after the flower of mimosa trees she found around Filwoha springs, where the earliest settlement of the city was started. 5 CITY PROFILE ADDIS ABABA divided into 10 sub-cities called kifle-ketemas and 116 woredas, which are the lowest administrative units. Addis Ababa is one of the fastest growing cities in Africa and a primate city in Ethiopia with an estimated population of around four million, which is roughly 25% of the total urban population of the country and more than ten times the population size of Adama, the second largest urban centre (MoUDHC 2015). As the diplomatic centre of Africa, Addis Ababa hosts a number of international organisations, such as the headquarters of African Union (AU) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). Due to its loca- tion and status several people come to the city in search of employment opportunities and services. Its annual growth rate ranges between two to four percent, out of which roughly forty percent is attrib- uted to rural-urban migration. Life expectancy at birth is 65.7 years and infant mortality rate is 50.3 per 1000 live births (CSA 2013). The social and physical infrastructure of Addis Ababa has increased quantitatively in the past few decades but they are still in need of significant improvement in terms of quality and distribution. The government’s strategies behind its extensive urban investments that integrate improvement of the urban environment with creation of economic opportunities, especially for the urban youth, has shown some promising results. However, the policies and strategies need to be evaluated, modified or replaced based on their contri- bution to alleviating the chronic problems of the city. Some of Addis Ababa’s primary socio-spatial fea- tures and challenges have derived from its origin as indigenous and pre-industrial city without a colonial model. This and subsequent historical developments of Addis Ababa are elaborated in the next section fol- lowed by discussions on the issues of economy, demo- graphics, planning and informal settlements. Future development plans including housing, environment and infrastructure are presented at the end. ◆ 6 CITY PROFILE ADDIS ABABA PART 2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT The establishment of Addis Ababa as a permanent tant nodes around which their followers clustered capital city of Ethiopia in 1886 was associated with in a concentric settlement pattern (Johnson 1974). the consolidation of new territories by Emperor Each neighbourhood (sefer) was commonly located Menelik II (1844–1913). Prior to that, Menelik II and on higher ground with large open spaces separating his predecessor emperors of Ethiopia changed their it from adjacent settlements. This early social and political centres as they moved from place to place spatial pattern has contributed to today’s mixed-in- for expansion, and subjugation of local warlords come characteristics of the old neighbourhoods of and kings (Mesfin 1976). For example, Ankober Addis Ababa. (1868-1876), Liche (1876-1882), Ankober and Debre- Berhan (1882-1884, used alternatively before his Before the Italian invasion, traditional mode of spa- conquest of the south), and Entoto (1984-1987) were tial and social organisation shaped Addis Ababa’s used by Emperor Menilik II as garrison towns and structure. According to Pankhurst (1968), the political capitals before settling in Addis Ababa city’s population grew rapidly due to the presence (Wolde-Michael 1973). of provisional governors and their soldiers, the 1892 famine, and the 1896 Battle of Adwa. Other The selection of Entoto by Emperor Menilik II in important events such as the 1907 land act, the 1884 for his residence was crucial for the establish- establishment of municipal administration in 1909, ment of Addis Ababa. According to Giorghis and and the introduction of railway transportation and Gerard (2007), the ancient structures in Entoto motor vehicles at the beginning of the 20th Century were believed to be built by Showan kings of the influenced the formative stage of the city and its 16th century; therefore, Menilik’s move to Entoto subsequent growth. Influenced by the location of was partly an act of re-establishing the old empire. the Ethio-Djibouti railway station and other factors While at Entoto, the emperor and his wife, Empress such as topography, the city expanded towards the Taitu, frequented the hot springs of Filwoha, which south. Furthermore, wider roads were provided to was located on a lower altitude south of Entoto. accommodate the vehicular traffic. Despite such Later on, they moved their permanent residence to changes and advancements, the process of the city’s Filwoha area where some of the first buildings of expansion and densification of that time largely Addis Ababa were constructed. remained spontaneous and unplanned. Like most of the other urban centres in Ethiopia, The five-year occupation that followed the 1936 Addis Ababa’s early development was spontaneous fascist Italian invasion of Ethiopia had some lasting and without formal planning. The early houses were effects on the socio-spatial pattern of Addis Ababa. circular huts constructed using chika walls (mud Their vision was to make Addis Ababa the capital and straw plastered on wooden frame) and thatched of the occupied and annexed Italian territories in roofs. The palace, the churches, and the compounds East Africa. As part of this vision, the first master of the noblemen and military leaders were impor- plan of the city was prepared based on a dual city 7 CITY PROFILE ADDIS ABABA approach.