JACKSON, HOPE W., Ph.D. Stones of Memory: Narratives from a Black Beach Community. (2013) Directed by Drs. Kathleen Casey and H. Svi Shapiro. 218 pp. In North Carolina, beaches have been considered “white” territory. These spaces are beautiful, natural landscapes that can provide healing and restoration for many. Yet, when black people enter this space, the dominant (white) culture is somehow surprised. This phenomenon is central to my research which focuses on a black beach community that (re)presents leisure spaces as sites of resistance. My research study centers on the stories told by the residents of a black beach community, Ocean City, North Carolina. I spent my summers here as a child. This small community encompasses a one-mile portion of Topsail Island, North Carolina. It was founded in 1949 in the midst of the segregated South. And, these narratives present the stones of living under these conditions. In my dissertation I interpret stones metaphorically like the biblical stones of the Israelites. While these stones are each unique, they still represent a living tradition for the individual as well as the collective group because the stones are the stories of living memories. They demonstrate the rich, cultural education that took place within the black community. Their stories reveal how black communities like Ocean City, taught black folks how such spaces were essential to surviving in a dominant (white) society. This study uses narrative theory in order to present the voices of black folks who are the descendants of kidnapped Africans. This study reveals their voices not only through the African tradition of storytelling, but also acknowledging the cultural literacy of black folks as valued by one another through a sense of community. This epistemology contradicts the dominant (white) culture of possessive individualism. So, their stories are the stones that need to be told to future generations as a way to provide cultural knowledge as well as identity to the children of kidnapped Africans. In this dissertation, I consider the narratives of four Ocean City residents. Two are living and two are deceased. The living narrators are the children of the deceased storytellers. Since I am a child of the Ocean City community, I knew all of these individuals and they knew me. While I was unable to ask the questions of the deceased, I still found rich nuances that are revealed in my research. With the two living narrators I asked them to tell me about Ocean City. I analyzed each of these interviews using narrative research methodology. I identified several components: selectivities (a common trait amongst “trickster” characters), silences (evident in the signifying towards a white, female interviewer) and cultural framework of meaning (important when remembering that Ocean City survived and thrived although its physical and historical location was in the midst of the segregated South). As a result, of these shared experiences, the narratives represent the continuity of an interpretive tradition. While each narrator tells an individual story, these stories are connected because of the stones or historical memories, namely the oppression of black folks. And, the stones reveal themselves as interpretative traditions. The significance of this study is that while black folks have made significant social and economic advancements, they have not succeeded in carrying on the interpretive traditions with their children and grandchildren. I find that this is evident in today’s classroom as I teach the descendants of these kidnapped Africans, who seem disconnected from these stories. The legacy of stones as living traditions has the potential to heal all those whose humanity has been denied them in academia. If a “sense of community” is encouraged in the classroom, then the “hope” for a more inclusive society will prevail. STONES OF MEMORY: NARRATIVES FROM A BLACK BEACH COMMUNITY by Hope W. Jackson A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 2013 Approved by Committee Co-Chair Committee Co-Chair © 2013 Hope W. Jackson To my mother, Jo-Ann Cowan Wall and my husband, Michael W. Jackson who have both told me for years that I should write a book. ii APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation, written by Hope W. Jackson, has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Committee Co-Chair Committee Co-Chair Committee Members Date of Acceptance by Committee Date of Final Oral Examination iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to humbly thank my family, namely, my husband, Mike and my sons, William and Ian. Without you, I would not have had the inspiration to persevere. I also want to thank my co-advisors, Dr. Kathleen Casey and Dr. Svi Shapiro. I could not have completed this journey without Dr. Casey’s unwavering support. Her commitment to my learning and research was phenomenal. I was truly fortunate to have her as my primary advisor. Her knowledge on narrative research is undervalued in academia. Without her expertise, I could not have interpreted the voices of these Ocean City beach residents. I am also grateful for Dr. Shapiro’s questioning which reminded me that education should never be seen as “fixed.” Dr. Shapiro’s questions helped formulate my research questions and these kept me grounded in narrative theory. In the process, I realized that my pedagogy remains forever “unfinished.” I want to thank the remainder of my dissertation committee, also known as my “Dream Team,” Dr. Elon Kulii and Dr. Hephzibah Roskelly. I would not have considered a PhD program without Dr. Kulli’s encouragement. And his knowledge on African American folklore and culture helped to inspire my fascination with the oral tradition. And Dr. Roskelly’s energetic contributions have been equally as essential in this process. She introduced to me the elements of rhetorical listening as well as feminism. All of these were substantial and without them I couldn’t have conducted this research on the “stones” of this black beach community. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. PROLOGUE .....................................................................................................1 II. FOREWORD.....................................................................................................9 My Ocean City Story ................................................................................ 9 Ocean City: More than a Geographical Location .................................... 11 Narrative Research ................................................................................ 17 The “Stones” .......................................................................................... 21 Transcription (Re)making the Researcher .............................................. 22 Dissertation Overview............................................................................. 23 III. “THE WILMINGTON CONNECTION”.............................................................. 25 Stories of the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot .............................................. 25 Effects of the 1898 Wilmington Massacre ............................................... 30 Surviving in the Segregated South ......................................................... 32 NC’s First African American Beaches ..................................................... 36 Shell Island ............................................................................................. 38 Seabreeze .............................................................................................. 40 Freeman Beach—“Bop City” ................................................................... 45 IV. OCEAN CITY: AN ESCAPE FROM JIM CROW .............................................. 49 Sociological Effects of Slavery ................................................................ 50 Complexion and Access to Resources ................................................... 54 The Privilege of Property through Elite Employment Opportunities ..................................................................................... 56 The ‘Black Elite’: A Heritage of Slavery .................................................. 59 Seabreeze: A Jook Joint Beach .............................................................. 64 Family Communities ............................................................................... 70 Ocean City .................................................................................. 70 V. THE ANALYSIS OF CARONELL CHESTNUT ................................................ 77 The Beginning ........................................................................................ 79 Socio-economic Class Perceptions ........................................................ 81 Silence Speaks Loudly ........................................................................... 82 Importance of Historical Context ............................................................. 83 A Connection to African Ethos through Critical Imagination .................... 84 v Hazel Comes to Visit .............................................................................. 85 A Strong Episcopal Faith ........................................................................ 88 The Fishing