THE SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL USE RIGHTS IN FISHERIES IN CHILE Manuela Wedgwood Editing Alejandra Chávez Design and Layout Andrea Moreno and Carmen Revenga Cover image: The Nature Conservancy Harvesting of Chilean abalone (Concholepas concholepas) in the fishing village of Huape, in Valdivia, Chile. © Ian Shive, July 2012. With analytical contributions on socio-economic analyses from: Hugo Salgado, Miguel Quiroga, Mónica Madariaga and Miguel Moreno, Citation: Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Moreno A. and Revenga C., 2014. The System of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in Chile, Universidad de Concepción Concepción - Chile The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA. 88 pp. Copyright © The Nature Conservancy 2014 Published by the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA Printed in Lima, Peru, on Cyclus Print paper, made from 100% recycled fiber. THE SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL USE RIGHTS IN FISHERIES IN CHILE Manuela Wedgwood Editing Alejandra Chávez Design and Layout Andrea Moreno and Carmen Revenga Cover image: The Nature Conservancy Harvesting of Chilean abalone (Concholepas concholepas) in the fishing village of Huape, in Valdivia, Chile. © Ian Shive, July 2012. With analytical contributions on socio-economic analyses from: Hugo Salgado, Miguel Quiroga, Mónica Madariaga and Miguel Moreno, Citation: Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Moreno A. and Revenga C., 2014. The System of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in Chile, Universidad de Concepción Concepción - Chile The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA. 88 pp. Copyright © The Nature Conservancy 2014 Published by the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA Printed in Lima, Peru, on Cyclus Print paper, made from 100% recycled fiber. TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 FOREWORD 37 3.2.5. Fishermen as managers: Changing the 63 REFERENCES perceptions of fishers and management 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 74 ANNEX I: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE structures IMPLEMENTATION OF A TURF FRAMEWORK IN 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40 3.2.6. Tangible results of TURF COUNTRIES WITH NO CUSTOMARY RIGHTS management and their 10 INTRODUCTION conservation potential 76 ANNEX II: CATEGORIES OF ARTISANAL FISHERS AND VESSELS 12 1 THE FISHING SECTORS IN CHILE 42 CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13 1.1. Overview of Chile's fishing sectors 4 77 ANNEX III: SUMMARIZED PROCESS FOR CLAIMING 43 4.1. Illegal fishing 17 1.2. Legal and institutional framework AND MANAGING TURFS 44 4.2. Improving the participation of fishers in 18 1.3. Territorial and rights-based management decisions management in artisanal fisheries 78 ANNEX IV: LANDINGS OF SPECIES INCLUDED IN 44 4.2.1. The role of fishers and consultants in TURF MANAGEMENT PLANS 2002-2011 TURF management 46 4.2.2. Improving consultancy and data TABLES 20 2 THE CHILEAN ARTISANAL FISHERIES standards 14 1. Most landed marine resources by fishing sector 21 2.1. The artisanal fishing sector 47 4.3. Social diversity, cultural identity and the in Chile (2011) 23 2.2. The artisanal benthic fishery changing values related to TURFs 15 2. Most landed marine resources in Chile (2011) 24 2.3. Management tools derived from the 49 4.4. Socio-economic dimensions of TURFs 23 3. Top artisanal benthic resources by weight and Fishery and Aquaculture Law for artisanal 53 4.5 Collateral effects of the TURF system on value (2011) fisheries traditional management policies 34 4. TURFs by region and their landings 55 4.6. Land tenure and rural vs urban caletas (2002-2011) 27 3 THE CHILEAN TURF SYSTEM 56 4.7. Improving the adaptive management of 36 5. Top 15 species with highest landings from TURFs 28 3.1. Background TURFs (2002-2011) 28 3.1.1. The loco fishery as the driver for FIGURES establishing TURFs 13 1. Fish landings in Chile (2011) 29 3.1.2. Marine concessions in the late 58 5 CONCLUSIONS: POTENTIAL 17 2. Artisanal landings by region and by species 1980s and the origin of the first IMPROVEMENTS TO THE TURF SYSTEM group (2011) experimental TURFs IN CHILE 29 3. Loco landings from TURFs by region (2011) 30 3.2. Implementation of TURFs 59 5.1. Moving towards an adaptive management system for TURFs 30 3.2.1. Rationale behind the TURF concept MAPS 60 5.2. Increasing the participation of fishers can 31 3.2.2. TURF operating principles 16 1. Regions of Chile translate into more successful TURFs 34 3.2.3. Current distribution and demand for 26 2. Graphic representation of fishing zones in Chile TURFs in Chile 61 5.3. Increasing support for fishermen-led 35 3.2.4. Principal species harvested in TURFs commercial initiatives BOXES and relationship with total artisanal 61 5.4. Addressing enforcement is key to the 48 1. The case of fisher conflict in the caleta Los Vilos landings success of the TURF system © Layla Osman TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 FOREWORD 37 3.2.5. Fishermen as managers: Changing the 63 REFERENCES perceptions of fishers and management 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 74 ANNEX I: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE structures IMPLEMENTATION OF A TURF FRAMEWORK IN 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40 3.2.6. Tangible results of TURF COUNTRIES WITH NO CUSTOMARY RIGHTS management and their 10 INTRODUCTION conservation potential 76 ANNEX II: CATEGORIES OF ARTISANAL FISHERS AND VESSELS 12 1 THE FISHING SECTORS IN CHILE 42 CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13 1.1. Overview of Chile's fishing sectors 4 77 ANNEX III: SUMMARIZED PROCESS FOR CLAIMING 43 4.1. Illegal fishing 17 1.2. Legal and institutional framework AND MANAGING TURFS 44 4.2. Improving the participation of fishers in 18 1.3. Territorial and rights-based management decisions management in artisanal fisheries 78 ANNEX IV: LANDINGS OF SPECIES INCLUDED IN 44 4.2.1. The role of fishers and consultants in TURF MANAGEMENT PLANS 2002-2011 TURF management 46 4.2.2. Improving consultancy and data TABLES 20 2 THE CHILEAN ARTISANAL FISHERIES standards 14 1. Most landed marine resources by fishing sector 21 2.1. The artisanal fishing sector 47 4.3. Social diversity, cultural identity and the in Chile (2011) 23 2.2. The artisanal benthic fishery changing values related to TURFs 15 2. Most landed marine resources in Chile (2011) 24 2.3. Management tools derived from the 49 4.4. Socio-economic dimensions of TURFs 23 3. Top artisanal benthic resources by weight and Fishery and Aquaculture Law for artisanal 53 4.5 Collateral effects of the TURF system on value (2011) fisheries traditional management policies 34 4. TURFs by region and their landings 55 4.6. Land tenure and rural vs urban caletas (2002-2011) 27 3 THE CHILEAN TURF SYSTEM 56 4.7. Improving the adaptive management of 36 5. Top 15 species with highest landings from TURFs 28 3.1. Background TURFs (2002-2011) 28 3.1.1. The loco fishery as the driver for FIGURES establishing TURFs 13 1. Fish landings in Chile (2011) 29 3.1.2. Marine concessions in the late 58 5 CONCLUSIONS: POTENTIAL 17 2. Artisanal landings by region and by species 1980s and the origin of the first IMPROVEMENTS TO THE TURF SYSTEM group (2011) experimental TURFs IN CHILE 29 3. Loco landings from TURFs by region (2011) 30 3.2. Implementation of TURFs 59 5.1. Moving towards an adaptive management system for TURFs 30 3.2.1. Rationale behind the TURF concept MAPS 60 5.2. Increasing the participation of fishers can 31 3.2.2. TURF operating principles 16 1. Regions of Chile translate into more successful TURFs 34 3.2.3. Current distribution and demand for 26 2. Graphic representation of fishing zones in Chile TURFs in Chile 61 5.3. Increasing support for fishermen-led 35 3.2.4. Principal species harvested in TURFs commercial initiatives BOXES and relationship with total artisanal 61 5.4. Addressing enforcement is key to the 48 1. The case of fisher conflict in the caleta Los Vilos landings success of the TURF system © Layla Osman 4 • THE SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL USE RIGHTS IN FISHERIES IN CHILE THE SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL USE RIGHTS IN FISHERIES IN CHILE • 5 FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As fishermen, our first reaction when a resource is However, we have identified one essential This report would not have been possible without the depleted in our own caleta - our local fishing grounds - requirement for TURFs to work: participating fishing information, data and advice provided by key experts is to go somewhere else to fish. After moving up and associations must be well consolidated, and all the and institutions working on fisheries and conservation in down the coast from one caleta to the next, we come fishers must paddle in the same direction. This is Chile. Special thanks go to Prof. Hugo Salgado, Miguel to realize that every caleta will eventually be depleted worth emphasizing: all fishermen need to participate Quiroga, Mónica Madariaga and Miguel Moreno from and that the only way to reverse this trend is to go in the effort, because all of us will reap the benefits. To the Department of Environmental and Natural Resource back to our own back yard and start working on ways this end, another important step in the consolidation Economics at the Universidad de Concepción in Chile for to recover its productivity. This is how our story of TURFs is for fishing associations to find technical their contribution to the socio-economic analysis began… advice and guidance in the process towards a more presented in this report. Thanks also go to Carlos responsible management of the resources we all Techeira, a Marine Biologist and researcher at the Upon our return to our caletas, many of us realized depend on. In many cases, with the help of Fisheries Development Institute (Instituto de Fomento that our local fisheries were plagued by situations as universities and non-governmental organizations, we Pesquero) in Chile, to Stefan Gelcich, a Ph.D.