Final Report FDOT Project BD521-02 Performance Assessment of Portland Cement Pervious Pavement Report 2 of 4: Construction and Maintenance Assessment of Pervious Concrete Pavements A Joint Research Program of Submitted by Marty Wanielista Manoj Chopra Stormwater Management Academy University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 Editorial Review by: Ryan Browne _______________________________ June 2007 Disclaimer The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the State of Florida Department of Transportation. ii iii 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. Final 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date January, 2007 Construction and Maintenance Assessment of Pervious Concrete Pavements 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Manoj Chopra, Marty Wanielista, Craig Ballock, and Josh Spence 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Stormwater Management Academy University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 11. Contract or Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Florida Department of Transportation Final Report (one of four on 605 Suwannee Street, MS 30 pervious concrete research) Tallahassee, FL 32399 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The information in this report focused on the construction and maintenance activities for Portland cement pervious concrete as used in selected sites in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. construction specifications were suggested for Portland cement pervious concrete pavement in regional conditions typical to the States of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina based on current construction practices and updated as a result of this research. Contractor certification is necessary. A total of 30 pervious concrete cores were extracted from actual operating pervious concrete sites and evaluated for infiltration rates before and after various rehabilitation techniques. The pervious concrete field sites investigated ranged in service life from 6 to 20 years and exhibited regionally similar structural integrity, infiltration rates, pavement cross sections and subsurface soils. The infiltration rates were performed at the same pressure head for comparative purposes. The techniques were pressure washing, vacuum sweeping and a combination of the two methods. For cores from pavements properly installed, it was found that the three methods of maintenance typically resulted in a 200% or greater increase over the original infiltration rates of the pervious concrete cores. However, it was noted that pressure washing may dislodge pollutants that can not be captured before entering receiving waters, thus in these situations, vacuum sweeping may be the preferred method. 17. Key Word 18. Distribution Statement Pervious concrete, maintenance, construction, infiltration rates, pavements, rejuvenation 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 164 iv Executive Summary This report is one of three on the subject of Portland cement pervious pavements and reports on the construction practices and maintenance of the pervious concrete system to achieve a hydraulic effectiveness. Field sites for existing pervious concrete parking were located in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. It is hoped that by developing more standardized installation methods, and documentation of infiltration performance, wider acceptance of Portland cement pervious pavement can be achieved. Objectives for selecting the sites were to evaluate the clogging potential of existing pervious concrete systems, to analyze rehabilitation techniques and develop installation specifications for the construction of Portland cement pervious concrete specific to the geographic site locations. Initially, infiltration rate data were collected for a pervious concrete system in a field laboratory with test cells containing typical Florida sandy soil conditions and groundwater elevations. Next, these field laboratory data were compared to actual data from multiple paving sites of long service life (6-20 years) in the three States. Eight existing parking lots were evaluated to determine the infiltration rates of pervious concrete systems that received relatively no maintenance. Infiltration rates were measured using an embedded single-ring infiltrometer developed specifically for testing pervious concrete in an in-situ state. The average infiltration rates of the pervious concrete that was properly constructed at the investigated sites ranged from 0.4 to 227.2 inches per hour. A constant head was used for comparative purposes. A total of 30 pervious concrete cores were extracted and evaluated for infiltration rates after various rehabilitation techniques were performed to improve the infiltration capability of the concrete. The techniques were pressure washing, vacuum sweeping and a combination of the v two methods. By evaluating the effectiveness of these rehabilitation techniques, recommendations have been developed for a maintenance schedule for pervious concrete installations. For properly installed sites, it was found that the three methods of maintenance investigated in this study typically resulted in a 200% or greater increase over the original infiltration rates of the pervious concrete cores. It is therefore recommended that as a general rule of thumb one or a combination of these rejuvenation techniques should be performed, however, with some sites pressure washing may result in the release of pollution to the receiving waters and thus vacuum sweeping is preferred or recommended choice. Construction specifications were suggested for Portland cement pervious concrete pavement in regional conditions typical to the States of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina based on current construction practices and updated as a result of this research. It should be stressed that contractor qualifications by certification is one of the most important practices related to the installation of pervious concrete. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, the authors would like to thank the Ready Mixed Research Concrete Foundation, Rinker Materials and the Florida Department of Transportation for their monetary support and technical assistance. Without their support, this research would not be possible. In addition, the support of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the owners of the pervious parking areas noted in this report are appreciated. Lastly, the Stormwater Management Academy located at the University of Central Florida provided valuable assistance in the collection and analyses of laboratory and field derived data. The authors also thank the reviewers of the draft document. They were Eric Livingston of the State Department of Environmental Protection, Scott Hagen of the University of Central Florida, Michael Davy and Matt Offenberg of Rinker Materials, and Karthik Obla of the National Ready Mixed Research Foundation. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................. xvi LIST OF ASTM STANDARD TEST METHODS .................................................................... xvii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 1.1: Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2: Background......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3: Current State of the Art....................................................................................................... 9 1.4: Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 14 1.5: Roadmap ........................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER TWO: PROBLEM DEFINITION.............................................................................. 16 2.1: Problem Statement............................................................................................................ 16 2.2: Research Contributions..................................................................................................... 17 2.3: Research Limitations ........................................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 19 3.1: Laboratory Investigation................................................................................................... 19 3.2: Field Investigation Methodology.....................................................................................