“The relationship between empire and nation was among the thorniest of questions in the late Russian Em- pire, and the complications proved most acute in the country’s western regions. This volume assembles a The truly international team of scholars to explore these matters in a range of different contexts, from education Edited by and religion to censorship, tourism, and right-wing political mobilization. The chapters reveal an exception- al set of challenges that statesmen, reformers, and imperial subjects of diverse nationalities and confessions Tsar Darius The faced in conceptualizing and actualizing their projects in the context of new forms of association and al- Staliūnas tered political frameworks. As the authors reveal, the greatest casualty for imperial policy was consistency. Full of new research and compelling insights, The Tsar, the Empire, and the Nation represents the latest , The and word on this important problem in Russian and East European history.” Tsar, —Paul W. Werth, Professor of History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Yoko “By investigating western borderlands from the Baltic provinces in the north to Ukraine in the south, this Empire Aoshima The Empire, volume creates a meso-level between the macro-perspective on the Russian empire as a whole and the mi- cro-perspective on a single region, paving the ground for comparative insights into the empire’s responses and to national questions. What I admire the most about this book is its very balanced discussion of national questions which still bear the potential to become politicized.” , The Nation —Martin Aust, Professor of History, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany and Dilemmas of Nationalization his book addresses the challenge of modern nationalism to the tsarist Russian Empire that first ap- Russia’s Western The in Tpeared on the empire’s western periphery. It was most prevalent in the twelve provinces extending from the Ukrainian lands in the south to the Baltic provinces in the north, and in the Kingdom of Poland. Borderlands, Did the late Russian Empire enter World War I as a multiethnic state with many of its age-old mechanisms Nation 1905–1915 run by a multiethnic elite, or as a Russian state predominantly managed by ethnic Russians? The studies seek to answer this main question while covering diverse issues such as native language education, intercon- fessional rivalry, the “Jewish question,” and the emergence of Russian nationalist attitudes in the aftermath of the first Russian revolution. The overall finding of the contributors is that although the imperial -gov ernment did not really identify with popular Russian nationalism, it sometimes ended up implementing policies promoted by Russian nationalist proponents. Edited by About the editors Darius Staliūnas is Research Fellow at the Lithuanian Institute of History and teaches at Vilnius Uni- versity. His publications include: Making Russians: Meaning and Practice of Russification in Lithuania and Yoko Darius Belarus after 1863 (Brill, 2007), Enemies for a Day: Antisemitism and Anti-Jewish Violence in Lithuania under the Tsars (CEU Press, 2015), and (with Dangiras Mačiulis) Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Aoshima Question, 1883–1940 (Herder Institute, 2015). Staliūnas Yoko Aoshima is Associate Professor at the Slavic- Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University. She is the editor of Entangled Interactions between Religion and National Consciousness in Central and Eastern Europe (Academic Studies Press, 2020). ISBN 978-963-386-365-7 Central European University Press 90000 > Budapest – New York Sales and information: [email protected] Website: http://www.ceupress.com 9 789633 863657 Cover design by Sebastian Stachowski staliunas_maple.indd 1 2021. 05. 03. 13:31:29 The Tsar, The Empire, and The Nation staulinas_book.indb 1 2021. 05. 04. 11:15:19 HISTORICAL STUDIES in Eastern Europe and Eurasia Volume V SERIES EDITORS Alexei Miller, Alfred Rieber, Marsha Siefert staulinas_book.indb 2 2021. 05. 04. 11:15:19 The Tsar, The Empire, and The Nation Dilemmas of Nationalization in Russia’s Western Borderlands, 1905–1915 Edited by Darius Staliūnas and Yoko Aoshima Central European University Press Budapest–New York staulinas_book.indb 3 2021. 05. 04. 11:15:19 Copyright © by the editors and the contributors 2021 Published in 2021 by Central European University Press Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183 224 West 57th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-732-763-8816 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched (KU). KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-963-386-364-0. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial- -NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. ISBN 978-963-386-365-7 (hardback) ISBN 978-963-386-364-0 (pdf) ISSN 2306-3637 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Staliūnas, Darius, editor, author. | Aoshima, Yoko, editor, author. Title: The tsar, the empire, and the nation : dilemmas of nationalization in Russia’s western borderlands, 1905-1915 / edited by Darius Staliūnas and Yoko Aoshima. Description: Budapest ; New York : Central European University Press, 2021. | Series: Historical studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia, 2306-3637 ; volume 5 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2021013856 (print) | LCCN 2021013857 (ebook) | ISBN 9789633863657 (cloth) | ISBN 9789633863640 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Russia—History—1904–1914. | Russia—Politics and government—1904–1914. | Russia—Ethnic relations—History—20th century. | Nationalism—Russia—History—20th century. | Minorities—Russia—History—20th century. | Education—Russia—History—20th century. | Russia—Religious life and customs. | National characteristics, Russian. Classification: LCC DK262 .T89 2021 (print) | LCC DK262 (ebook) | DDC 947.08/3--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021013856 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021013857 staulinas_book.indb 4 2021. 05. 04. 11:15:20 Contents Introduction 1 Transformations of Imperial Nationality Policy 15 Anton Kotenko: An Inconsistently Nationalizing State: The Romanov Empire and the Ukrainian National Movement 17 Darius Staliūnas: Challenges to Imperial Authorities’ Nationality Policy in the Northwest Region, 1905–15 33 Malte Rolf: What Is the “Russian Cause” and Whom Does It Serve? Russian Nationalists and Imperial Bureaucracy in the Kingdom of Poland 67 Confessions in the Crossfire 111 Vilma Žaltauskaitė: Interconfessional Rivalry in Lithuania after the Decree of Tolerance 113 Chiho Fukushima: The Struggle between Confessional and Nationalist Groups for the Chełm-Podlasian Region: the 1905 Decree of Tolerance and Former Uniates 141 Transformations in Education 169 Yoko Aoshima: Native Language Education in the Western Border Regions around 1905 171 Kimitaka Matsuzato: Politics around Universal Education in Right-bank Ukraine in the Late Tsarist Period 203 Jolita Mulevičiūtė: To Sense an Empire: Russian Education Policy and the Origins of Mass Tourism in the Northwest Region 233 Olga Mastianica: The Formation of Imperial Loyalty in the Education System in the Northwest Region in 1905–1915 259 The Problem of the Russian Right 285 Vytautas Petronis: Right-Wing Russian Organizations in the City of Vil’na and the Northwestern Provinces, 1905–1915 287 Karsten Brüggemann: Defending the Empire in the Baltic Provinces: Russian Nationalist Visions in the Aftermath of the First Russian Revolution 327 Vladimir Levin: Russian Jews and the Russian Right: Why There Were No Jewish Right-Wing Politics in the Late Russian Empire 357 List of Contributors 383 Index 387 staulinas_book.indb 5 2021. 05. 04. 11:15:20 staulinas_book.indb 6 2021. 05. 04. 11:15:20 Introduction Among the several monuments that the tsarist government chose to erect in Vil’na, the capital of its Northwest region at the turn of the century, two were especially prominent. The first, unveiled in 1898, was dedicated to the Vil’na governor-general in 1863–65, Mikhail Murav’ev; the second, unveiled in 1904, honored Catherine the Great, Russia’s empress between 1762 and 1796.1 The two edifices in fact symbolized two different visions of the Romanov Empire. In government circles, Murav’ev earned praise for his role in quashing the uprising of 1863 and as a statesman who played a key role in efforts to reestablish the region’s Russianness. The monument’s construction and unveiling unfolded principally as a Russian affair in Rus- sian discourse, and indeed, government representatives’ anti-Polish senti- ments were evident without ever having to be stated explicitly.2 Thus, the monument’s appearance illustrates how the Romanov Empire acquired el- ements of a national (Russian) monarchy in its later decades.3 Yet by 1904, The editors would like to thank Paul W. Werth for his assistance in preparing this volume. We would also like to thank the two peer reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. The research of Darius Staliūnas, Vilma Žaltauskaitė, Olga Mastinaica, Vytautas Petronis, Yoko Aoshima, Kimitaka Matsuzato, and Chiho Fukushima was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,