vironmentllySnable AFTESWorking Paper No. 19 DevelopmentDivision EnvironmentalPolicy and Planning Public Disclosure Authorized 20017 THE ECONOMICS OF WILDLIFE: CASE STUDIES FROM GHANA, KENYA, NAMIBIA, AND ZIMBABWE Public Disclosure Authorized By Jan Bojo Public Disclosure Authorized February 1996 Public Disclosure Authorized Environmentally Sustainable DevelopmentDivision l Technical Department- - Africa Region The World Bank THE ECONOMICSOF WILDLIFE: CaseStudies from Ghana,Kenya, Namibia, and Zimbabwe Jan Bojo (Editor) SeniorEnvironmental Economist EnvironmentallySustainable Development Division TechnicalDepartment Africa Region (AFTES) THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street NW Washington,DC 20433 USA TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword.................................................................... Ix CHAPTER1: THE ECONOMICSOF WILDLIFE:BACKGROUND AND LESSONSFROM THE CASE STUDIES....................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study.................................................................... 1l 1 ..1 The "Wildlife Advantage Hypothesis"..................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Some Key Concepts..................................................................... 3 1.2. Lessons from the Country Case Studies..................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Financial and Economic Viability of Wildlife ..................................................................... 4 1.2.2 The Significance of "Bush Meat"..................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Policy Implications of the Findings..................................................................... 6 1.2.4 Environmental Impacts..................................................................... 7 1.3 The World Bank and Wildlife Projects ..................................................................... 7 1.4 References.................................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER2: THE ECONOMICSOF LIVING WITHWILDLIFE IN GHANA...... 11 2.1 Wildlife Policies and Utilization in Ghana ....................................................................... 12 2.1.1 The Historical Perspective...................................................................... 12 - 2.1.2 Current Wildlife Management Practices......................................... , , .,. 13 2.1.3 Wildlife Production and Utilization in Ghana ........................................ 15 2.2 The Relative Profitability of Wildlife Management ........................................ 20 2.2.1. Competing Land Uses.20 2.2.2 Financial and Economic Analysis ................................................................. 22 2.2.3 Economic Policies and Wildlife ................................................................. 30 2.3 Livestock, Wildlife, and the Environment ................................................................... 33 2.4 Summary and Conclusions................................................................... 34 2.5 References .................................................................... 34 CHAPTER3: THE ECONOMICSOF LIVINGWTH WILDLIFEIN KENYA...... 39 3.1 Wildife Management Policies and Legislation..................................................................... 40 3. 1.1 ThnePolicy Environment..................................................................... 40 3.1.2 Financial and Economic Status of Wildlife..................................................................... 43 3.1.3 Wildlife Management and Utilization in Kenya ...................................................................... 45 3.1.4 Economic and Political Conditions and Their Influence .............................................................46 3.1.5 Land-Tenure Policies and Practices..................................................................... 47 3.1.6 Other Relevant Issues...................................................................... 47 v THE ECONOMICSOF WILDLIFE 3.2 The Economics of Living with Wildlife......................................................................................... 3.2.1 Wildlife Utilization as Land Use ............................................................................................... 3.2.2 Financial Analysis .................................................................................................................... 3.3 Environm ental Im pact.................................................................................................................... 3.3.1 Livestock and Wildlife in the Rangelands ................................................................................. 3.3.2 Herbivore Efficiency ................................................................................................................ 3.3.3 Vegetation Changes................................................................................................................... 3.3.4 Sustainability of Crop Production.............................................................................................. 3.3.5 Carrying Capacities and Offtake................................................................................................ 3.3.6 Livestock Diseases and Parasites............................................................................................... 3.4 Summary and Conclusions............................................................................................................. 3.4.1 The Data and Their Quality ....................................................................................................... 3.4.2 Each Case is Unique.................................................................................................................. 3.4.3 The Devastating Implications of Population Growth ................................................................ 3.4.4 Policies and Legislation............................................................................................................. 3.4.5 Land Tenure and Control Over Land Use ................................................................................. 3.4.6 Revenue Sharing Administered by Communities....................................................................... 3.4.7 Economic Management and Incentives ...................................................................................... 3.4.8 Research and Development ........................................................................................................ 3.5 References......................................................................................................................................... CHAPTER 4: THE ECONOMICSOF LIVINGWITH WILDLIFEIN NAMIBIA 4.1 The H istorical Perspective.............................................................................................................. 4.1.1 Pre-Independence Wildlife Utilization Policies......................................................................... 4.1.2 Current W ildlife M anagem ent............................................................................................. 4.1.3 Areas Currently Used for W ildlife............................................................................................. 4.1.4 Wildlife Numbers and Economic Significance.......................................................................... 4.1.5 Current Property Rights ............................................................................................................. 4.1.6 Land Use and Government Policy .............................................................................................. 4.1.7 Bush Meat Consumption and Marketing .................................................................................... 4.2 Land Use Options: Financial and Economic Assessment............................................................. 4.2.1 Com peting Land Uses................................................................................................................ 4.2.2 Financial and Economic Analysis.............................................................................................. 4.2.3 Policy Issues.............................................................................................................................. 4.3 Relative Environmental Impacts of Wildlife ................................................................................ 4.3.1 Behavior of W ildlife .................................................................................................................. 4.3.2 Physiological Attributes of W ildlife .......................................................................................... 4.3.3 Interaction with the Environm ent.............................................................................................. 4.4 Summary and Conclusions............................................................................................................. 4.5 References ........... vi CONTENTS CHAPTER5: ECONOMICPOLICY, WILDLIFE, AND LAND USE IN ZIMBABWE............................... 117 5.1 Wildlife Policy and Utilization in Zimbabwe .................................................... 117 5.1.1 Development of Wildlife Industry on Privately Owned Land ................................................... 118 5.1.2 Development of Wildlife Industry on Communal Land .................................................... 120 5.1.3 Wildlife and the Economy ...................................................