Blair Woodland Natural Area Trail Guide First Edition, 2005 1 Campton Conservation Commission Welcome to the Blair Woodland Natural Area The Blair Woodland Natural Area was given as a gift to the Town of Campton in 2002 to be kept as a natural area for wildlife and the general public for “low impact” uses such as nature study and enjoyment while walking, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing, picnicking, or fishing. The 17-acre natural area is maintained by the Campton Conservation Commission and includes several wetland areas, a regenerated pasture, roughly 1,000 feet of riparian habitat, and mixed hardwood/coniferous forest habitat. The natural area also features aspects of Campton’s rich historical legacy. To protect the vegetation and minimize disturbance to wildlife, we ask that you observe the following guidelines: 1. Please stay on the trails. 2. Please access the forest only near the kiosk along Route 3. 3. Foot travel is welcome, but bicycles, motorized vehicles, and horses are prohibited. 4. Please practice low-impact, day use activities; do not disturb plants, animals, or rocks, and pack out any trash. 5. Hunting, trapping, camping, and fires are prohibited. 6. Dogs must be leashed at all times. Scientific research is encouraged with prior approval by the Campton Conservation Commission. Thank you For protecting the Blair Woodland Natural Area 2 3 Blair Woodland Natural Area Trail Guide q As you enter the natural area near the kiosk, you are entering 1 a White Pine grove. The pines here are about 30 years old, pioneers in the succession of an old farm field. Early on, the pine saplings grew thick and shaded out other species, forming a uniform stand of mature pines; the acidic layer of needles and dense shade still prevent many other species from growing. There are, however, several maple and beech saplings in this area, suggesting the future composition of the forest to come. To the left of the trail, several young Slippery Elms can be identified by shaggy, peeling bark and rough-textured leaves with asymmetrical bases. Slippery Elms grow slowly and are named for their slimy inner bark, used by Native Americans as a cough and sore throat remedy. q The trail bends and crosses old potato farm rows, visible 2 as parallel mossy ridges. Here, numerous Gray Birches are another pioneer species, distinguished by finely furrowed whitish-gray bark, v-shaped branch scars, and heart-shaped leaves which turn yellow in autumn. Notice the straight Quaking Aspens on the left; aspens often grow in stands with a shared root system, so what appear to be separate trees are actually clones! The flat leaf stems of aspens (look on the ground to find a fallen aspen leaf) are blown by the slightest breeze, causing the leaves to tremble, even on calm days. Since birches and aspens are relatively short-lived, many of these trees will soon die and be replaced by the maples, oaks, and beeches in the understory. The dead birch and aspen “snags” are still extremely important to wildlife, providing habitat for bats and cavity-nesting birds; a pair of Black-Capped Chickadees has been observed nesting a the top of a nearby aspen snag. q 4 5 As you make your way down the short hill, note the shift 3 in forest composition from pine and birch to hemlock and fir. Shade-loving Eastern Hemlocks have short, oval needles with whitish undersides and brown furrowed bark; the parallel rows of holes found on many hemlock trunks are the “signatures” of Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers (a species of woodpecker) looking for insects. The small, loosely-bound cones of hemlock trees are food for birds and mammals. The dense branches of hemlocks also provide winter protection for white-tailed deer, grouse, and other wildlife. Rich in tannin, the bark was formerly used in the leather industry, and the Native Americans used the inner bark as flour and the leaves for tea. Look left through the dense conifers at the marsh; this area is formed by a slow-moving stream and is home to many summer bird species. Listen for the “witchity-witchity-witchity” of the Common Yellowthroat (a warbler) in spring and summer; in late spring at dawn and dusk, the unique nasal “peent” of the American Woodcock is often heard as the male performs its extensive courtship ritual. In addition to providing wildlife habitat, wetlands also filter pollutants and prevent runoff, thus helping to purify the water supply. Back along the trail, a wide range of mushrooms appear late in the summer. What we see as a mushroom is really only the fruiting part of the fungus; most of the organism is hidden underground as a vast fungal network of hyphae, or strands, that may cover several acres! q The decomposing log to the left of the trail represents a 4 valuable microhabitat for insects, small mammals, mosses, and fungi. Ecologists estimate that a decomposing log such as this may contain thousands of insects and nematodes, close to a million mites, and miles of fungal hyphae! q As you cross the stream on the bridge, look for moisture- 5 loving Jewelweed and Jack-in-the-Pulpit in the streambed. Jewelweed, a relative of garden impatiens, has bright orange flowers 4 5 that bloom in mid- to late-summer, attracting bees, hummingbirds, and other pollinators. These flowers are followed by seed pods that spring open when touched, explaining Jewelweed’s other name, Touch-Me-Not. Jack-in-the-Pulpit has leaves that resemble those of poison ivy, but the purple and green striped flowers hidden under he leaves are quite distinctive. Other wetland plants visible from the bridge include large fountainlike Cinnamon Ferns, Mountain Crowfoot and Common Ragwort (both members of the Buttercup family), and Sensitive Fern. This fern’s beadlike fertile fronds mature after the rest of the plant dies back in fall. Further downstream, notice the extremely straight tree with thin, flaky bark. Can you name this tree, which is the only deciduous needle-leafed tree that commonly occurs in this area? It is a Tamarack, another indicator of wet areas. In the marsh, listen for Parula Warblers in early spring as they pass through on their way to their summer breeding grounds. The Parula Warbler’s distinctive song is a buzzy, upward-slurring trill. Also listen for the “see me—here I am—vireo” call of Red-Eyed Vireos nesting in the marsh. Vireos call almost constantly throughout the day in summer; their cuplike nests, woven of grasses and strips of birch bark, resemble small hornets’ nests and have been found in the alder shrubs in the marsh. q At the fork in the trail, bear right onto the Schuyler Matthews 6 Trail, named for F. Schuyler Matthews (1854-1938), a noted artist and naturalist who summered in Campton. He is best known as the author of several books relating to wildflowers, birds, and trees; including his “Field Book of Wild Birds and their Music,” in which he rendered bird songs into musical scores. To learn more about F.S. Matthews and Campton history in general, visit the Campton Historical Society, located at the old Town House on Route 175 (www.watervillevalleyregion.com/HistoricalSociety/). As you start up the hill at the junction, stop to observe the large White Pine to the left. This pine is about 50 years old, estimated by 6 7 counting the side branches (one pair per year). The gaps between the branch pairs vary from year-to-year, indicating years of hearty or sparse growth. The split in the trunk was caused by the White Pine Weevil, a destructive insect pest. q Halfway up the hill, stop to examine the large Red Oak on the 7 right, identified at ground level by the deep reddish furrowed bark. Can you identify the greenish structures which cover the trunk? These are lichens, a combination of a fungus and algae. The algae convert the sun’s energy to sugars, while the fungus breaks down the substrate to provide minerals. Although they often grow in environments that would be harsh for many organisms, lichens are extremely sensitive to pollution, so the presence of lichens is an indicator of clean air. How many different lichens can you find on this oak tree? q This very straight tree is a Red Pine, a common species of 8 nutrient-poor, acidic sites. Compare this Red Pine to the White Pine about 20 feet from the trail. While the Red Pine has reddish scaly bark, few side branches, and rough-textured needles in bundles of two, the White Pine has brownish furrowed bark, many side branches, and smooth, pliable needles in bundles of five. Groundcovers include Wild Oats, Solomon’s Seal, and Lowbush Blueberry. Wild Oats, also known as Bellwort, is an early spring bloomer with pale yellow, drooping bell-like flowers; Solomon’s Seal boasts a row of small white bell-shaped flowers which hang from the undersides of the leaf axils; later, the blue-black fruits are food for wildlife. q These two White Pines have been growing together for quite 9 some time; can you use the formula to estimate their age? Note the contrasting habitats on either side of the trail. To the left, a more open combination of mature White Pine and Red Oak dominates, while the seep and stream to the right creates favorable 6 7 growing conditions for Hemlocks and Red Maples. Although a common forest tree, the Eastern Hemlock is in danger due to an introduced insect pest, the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid, an aphidlike insect. The adelgid is spread mainly through infested nursery stock and invariably kills the trees it infests.