University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics Linguistics 2016 Cries from The Jungle: The Dialogic Linguistic Landscape of the Migrant and Refugee Camps in Calais, France Jo Mackby University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.210 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Mackby, Jo, "Cries from The Jungle: The Dialogic Linguistic Landscape of the Migrant and Refugee Camps in Calais, France" (2016). Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics. 13. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/13 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Jo Mackby, Student Dr. Mark Richard Lauersdorf, Major Professor Dr. Gregory Stump, Director of Graduate Studies CRIES FROM THE JUNGLE: THE DIALOGIC LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF THE MIGRANT AND REFUGEE CAMPS IN CALAIS, FRANCE THESIS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Jo Mackby Lexington, KY Director: Dr. Mark Richard Lauersdorf, Associate Professor of Linguistics; Dr. Edward Barrett, Associate Professor of Linguistics; Dr. Kevin B. McGowan, Assistant Professor of Linguistics Lexington, KY 2016 Copyright © Jo Mackby 2016 ABSTRACT CRIES FROM THE JUNGLE: THE DIALOGIC LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF THE MIGRANT AND REFUGEE CAMPS IN CALAIS, FRANCE Since 1999, migrants and refugees from across the Middle East and Northeastern Africa have squatted in makeshift camps in and around the strategic port city of Calais, France, hoping for the opportunity to stow away on a ferry or lorry to England. The inhabitants of these camps seek to engage the world in a dialogue, and although they speak a variety of languages, the voices the refugees and migrants in The Jungle of Calais raise through their protest placards and graffiti are more homogeneous. Like in many other protests, the languages of these messages are universal; they are French and English, the languages of their location, their desired destination, and of the world that they hope is watching. The data for this study are from still images freely available through Getty Images Embed Service. Using the techniques of linguistic landscapes, this paper analyzes the linguistic material of The Jungle. Like other recent works on the linguistic landscapes of protest, this analysis challenges the idea that territory is a fixed place or space (Kasanga, 2014), asserting rather that the migrants/refugees are co-creating a collective space that exists more through their raised voices, and less in the physical space they temporarily inhabit. Keywords: linguistic landscapes, The Jungle, European migrant crisis, discourse of protest, geosemiotics Multimedia formats used: .jpg, .xls Jo Mackby ___________________ 18 April 2016 ___________________ CRIES FROM THE JUNGLE: THE DIALOGIC LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF THE MIGRANT AND REFUGEE CAMPS IN CALAIS, FRANCE By Jo Mackby Mark Richard Lauersdorf __________________________ Director of Thesis Gregory Stump _________________________ Director of Graduate Studies 4/18/16 ________________________ Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to my thesis committee chair, Professor Mark Lauersdorf, for the many hours he has graciously and unflinchingly spent with my rabbit holes, lack of focus, and tears. Were it not for him, I might have given up on linguistics. I would also like to acknowledge Professor Edward “Rusty” Barrett. His enthusiasm for my thesis topic choice means that we’re now talking about something linguistically ‘sexy’ instead of, what was it, asymmetrical object reduplication in the Romany and Judezmo of the Balkan Sprachbund?! Professor Kevin McGowan came onboard with my thesis late in the game with his usual engagement and zeal. If I could do it all over again, I’d have liked to have been a phonetician, too. Luckily for him (and for us), he gets to be one every day. My academic pursuits have been as much about the people, as anything else. I have met some wonderful people because of Linguistics, both in MALTT, and at the LSA Summer Institute at The University of Chicago. You are all very dear to me. One person inadvertently inspired my thesis topic. Thank you, Kait. It’s been a privilege being your classmate, peer, and friend… even if you do have ‘allergies.’ ;) Good luck to you. You’re going to be great at whatever you choose to do. My amazingly supportive friends, neighbors, and loved ones are weary of my perpetual thesis preoccupation. I promise we will have lots of fun and quality time, now. Zuma, there will be more trips to the fountain. My father told me I was too old to go to graduate school. Linda H. helped me to see that I am not. This is for each of you. I miss you both. Finally, this meagre work is for the migrants and refugees of The Jungle. May your voices be heard loudly. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. vi Section 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Section 2: The Jungle .......................................................................................................................... 5 Section 3: Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 12 Section 4: Methods .......................................................................................................................... 21 Section 5: Results ............................................................................................................................. 31 Section 6: Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 38 Section 7: Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX A: Spreadsheet ............................................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX B: Coding Criteria .......................................................................................................... 49 Works Consulted ............................................................................................................................. 55 VITA................................................................................................................................................ 65 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1: The dialogic and non-dialogic texts in international versus local languages in the LL of The Jungle, 2009-2016 ……………………………………………………………………………. 32 Table 5.2: Multilinguality and dialogue in the LL of The Jungle, 2009-2016 …………………. 33 Table 6.1: The expected general distribution of international vs. local languages in dialogic and non-dialogic texts, 2009-2016 …………………………………………………………….. 42 Copyright © Jo Mackby 2016 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Refugees welcome ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 Figure 1.2: What is the intended subject? ……………………………………………………………… 3 Figure 1.3: “We.r.not animals” ……………………………………………………………………………... 4 Figure 2.1: An aerial photograph of The Jungle camps ……………………………………………. 6 Figure 2.2: A refugee’s representation of the Channel Tunnel …………………………………. 8 Figure 2.3: A UK asylum interview and preparation