Copyright © 2013 Brian John Arnold All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. JUSTIFICATION ONE HUNDRED YEARS AFTER PAUL A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Brian John Arnold December 2013 APPROVAL SHEET JUSTIFICATION ONE HUNDRED YEARS AFTER PAUL Brian John Arnold Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Michael A. G. Haykin (Chair) __________________________________________ Jonathan T. Pennington __________________________________________ Brian J. Vickers Date______________________________ To Lauren, my heart’s captor TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . viii PREFACE . xi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION . 13 Thesis . 14 Paul and the Second Century . 17 Capsizing the “Traditional” Paul . 23 Justification in the Fathers . 26 Methodology . 31 2. “BUT THROUGH FAITH”: CLEMENT OF ROME . 33 Background . 35 Authorship . 35 Date . 37 Summary . 39 Translation and Commentary . 41 Translation of 32.3–4 . 42 Objections and Responses . 47 Conclusion . 54 3. “FAITH AND LOVE”: IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH . 56 Background . 57 Manuscripts . 59 iv Chapter Page Antioch . 63 The Negative: What Justification is not . 65 Ignatius’s Opponents . 66 “We Love the Prophets” . 69 “Parting of the Ways”? . 70 Jewish Practices . 72 Ignatius, Paul, and Judaism . 75 The Positive: Justification in Ignatius . 78 Faith and Love . 78 The Gospel . 80 Justification . 83 Excursus: Prayer and Justification . 89 Ignatius and Paul? . 91 Martyrdom . 99 Conclusion . 102 4. “O SWEET EXCHANGE!”: THE EPISTLE TO DIOGNETUS . 104 Background . 106 Genre . 107 Authorship . 108 Date . 112 The Text: Summary, Translation, Commentary . 114 Summary . 115 Translation . 118 Commentary . 119 Theological Considerations: Atonement and Justification . 126 Atonement . 127 v Chapter Page Justification . 131 Conclusion . 135 5. “MY CHAINS WERE CUT OFF”: ODES OF SOLOMON . 137 Background . 139 Manuscripts and Languages . 139 Authorship and Influences . 141 Dating and Provenance . 145 The Text . 147 The God of Salvation . 147 Justification in the Odes . 148 Ode 17 . 149 Ode 25 . 165 Excursus: Saved by Grace . 169 Ode 29 . 182 Conclusion . 195 6. “ΔΙΚΑΙΟΠΡΑΞΙΑΣ ΕΡΓΟΝ”: DIALOGUE WITH TRYPHO . 197 Justin and Paul . 200 The Dialogue: Rhetorical Device or Genuine Interlocutor? . 202 Structure of the Dialogue . 207 Exegesis of Selected Passaegs . 209 Dialogue 8 . 210 Dialogue 10 . 218 Dialogue 23 and 92 . 219 Dialogue 137 . 227 Conclusion . 230 vi Chapter Page 7. CONCLUSION . 231 Further Research . 238 Coda . 239 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 241 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible Commentary ATDan Acta theological danica ATR Anglican Theological Review.