COMMONWEALTH A Journal ofPolitical Science 1990 Volume 4 ISSN 0890-2410 Volume 4 - Commonwealth Journal.max COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Political Science EDITOR: Donald G. Tannenbaum (Gettysburg College) MANAGING EDITOR: James E. Skok (Penn State Harrisburg) EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD Aryeh Botwinick Michael J. Malbin (Temple University) (State University of New York at Albany) David Butler Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. (Nuffic1d Col1ege/Oxford University) (Harvard University) M. Margaret Conway Kenneth F. Mott (U niversity of Rorida) (Gettysburg College) Lester G. Crocker Craig N. Murphy (University of Virginia, Emeritus) (Wellsley College) Koger H. lJaV1CJson Mark P. Petracca (University of Maryland) (University of California, Irvine) Jean B. FIRhtain RImer Plisr.hke (Vanderbilt University) University of Maryland, Emeritus) Richard F. Fenno H. Mark Roelofs (University of Rochester) (New York university) Marianne Githens Bruce M. Russett (GOllcher College) (Yale University) Michael B. Grossman Victoria Schuck (Towson State University) (Stanford University) Susan W. Hammond J. David Singer (American University) (University of Michigan) Dorothy B. James Alonzo T. Stephens, Sr. (Connecticut College) (Tennessee State University, Emeritus) Samuel KrisJov Elliott White (University of Minnesota) (Temple University) G. Calvin Mackenzie Aaron Wildavsky (Colby College) (UniverSity of Caliornia, Berkeley Volume 4 - Commonwealth Journal.max COMMONWEALTH: A JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Contents Volume 4 1990 ISSN 0890-2410 Organizational Reform of Public Institutions by Federal Courts: The Effectiveness of Participatory Approaches William R. F. Phillips and Janet Rosenberg .........................1 Hegel's Constitutionalism David Schultz ..............................26 Man: Body and Will--Hobbes's Theory of Representation Richard T. Martin .......................... .47 Mca~urillg the Impact of Institutional and Occupational Affiliation on the Stances of Soviet Officials in the 1980-81 Polish Crisis Curtis R. Brautigam .........................63 PENNSYLVANiA RESEARCH Party and Political Recruitment: Women and Access to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Rubert E. O'Connor .........................80 Volume 4 - Commonwealth Journal.max ABOUT THE AUTHORS Curtis R. Brautigam is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Chestnut Hill C.ollege in Philadelphia. He has presented papers at various conferences dealing with Soviet defense policy and crisis management. Richard T. Martin is an Associate Professor of Political Science and Department Chair at Slippery Rock University. His most recent pUblications have been in American Politics Quarterly and Political Psychology. Robert E. O'Connor is an Associate Professor of Political Science at­ Pennsylvania State University. His current research focuses on risk communication, environmental policy, and public attitudes toward new technologies. William R. F. Phillips is a Professor of Sociology at Widener University. His research interests include law and social policy and urban development. Janet Rosenberg is a Professor of Sociology at Widener University. Her major interest is in the sociology of organizations and professions. Recent publications include articles in the Indiana Law Journal and Women and Politics. David Schultz is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota. He has previously published articles on property rights and plant closings, and he is presently working on a book on property rights in American democracy. He is coauthor of A Short History of the U. S. Civil SeJ1Jice (University Press of America, forthcoming, 1991). Volume 4 - Commonwealth Journal.max ACKNOWLEDGEMENT COMMONWEALTH is published annually under the authorization of the Pennsylvania Political Science Association and sent to all members, individual, departmental and institutional. Subscription rates for all categories of membership: see separate announcements elsewhere in this issue. Changes of address sent to PPSA Secretary, Dr. Thomas Brogan, Albright College, Reading, PA 19603. Postmaster: send notification about undelivered journals to this address. Second class postage paid at Harrisburg, P A and at additional mailing offices. Copywright 1990 by the Pennsylvania Political Science Association. (ISSN 0890-2410). COMMONWEALTH will print free of charge camera-ready official announcements of up to one page of the American Political Science Association, as well as the Northeastern Political Science Association and its constituent members, and other organizations whose Journals provide corresponding privileges to PPSA. Contact the Managing Editor. Advertising and reprint information and rates are also available from the Managing Editor. Volume 4 - Commonwealth Journal.max THE PENNSYLVANIA POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION OFFICERS EXECUTIVE COUNCIL President 1988.1991 Michael Roskin Nicholas Berry (Lycoming College) (U rsinus College) First Vice President Joan Hulse Thompson 1110111as Baldino (Beaver College) (Juniata College) 1989.1992 Second Vice President Albert Dalmolen Zachary Irwin (Mansfield University) (Penn State, l:lehrend COllege) Joseph Melusky (St. Francis College) Treasurer 1990.1993 Donald Buzinkai James M. Hoefler (King's College) (Dickinson College) Secretary Richard Martin Thomas Brogan (Slippery Rock University) (Albright College) Past President Donald G. Tannenbaum (Gettysburg COllege) Volume 4 - Commonwealth Journal.max In the COMMONWEALTH Donald G. Tannenbaum, Editor As editor of this journal I have been faced with many decisions in the course of completing work on any issue: publish or not publish? call for additional reviews? edit extensively or leave most editing to the author? which reviewers' suggestions are central to the emergence of the best possible piece on a subject and which are more peripheral? and so on. However important such decisions are, they must necessarily emerge out of a careful consideration of the submitted articles themselves. If a manuscript is not ready for publication, editors and reviewers can do little more than suggest to an author possible routes for improvement; on the other hand, if it is clearly a fme work which advances knowledge of its subject in a scholarly way, then we need do little more than acknowledge and applaud the author's accomplishment. And if manuscripts are not submitted, then we are simply left to twiddle our thumbs until some appear. In sum, we are necessarily (and properly) subject to the call of our authors. Since the first issue of COMMONWEALTH appeared, several people (including the experienced editors of some other state journals) have most amiably suggested that pressure will soon build a need for more frequent publication, perhaps to twice a year or even more often at some time in the not-too-distant future. This may indeed come to pass, although I think I have my hands sufficiently full with an annual at this point. At the same time, I am committed to the proposition that no worthwhile piece submitted to COMMONWEALTH ought to go unpublished. Should these two perspectives ever conflict, my sense of professional responsibility will doubtless lead me in the direction of expansion. The key factor to note at this juncture is that quality must precede quantity; in order to feel sufficient pressure to publish more frequently, an increasing number of solid, acceptable manuscripts must be submitted by those out there who are doing the research and writing, especially on Pennsylvania politics, an important staple of each issue. We are here and waiting. Still, I have continued my efforts to gain greater visibility for COMMONWEALTH at state, regional and national political science meetings. In pursuit of this goal, I accepted an invitation from APSR Managing Editor Samucl C. Patterson to join a workshop for political science journal editors he organized at the 1990 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in San Francisco. The workshop was composed of the editors of several of the top national and international political science journals, and as the only panelist from a state journal, I spoke on "The Role of Volume 4 - Commonwealth Journal.max a State Journal Editor." I was also able to touch base with some authors and members of the Editorial Review Board and to tell prospective authors about COMMONWEALTH. In the past such activity has borne fruit in the form of new submissions, and I hope this trend continues. Now, however, let me direct your attention to the fine collection of research pieces which constitute Volume 4. They range from the exploration of some unique participatory techniques that federal judges have devised to promote reform in complex bureaucratic institutions, through studies of the meaning and importance of Hegel's constitutionalism and the dynamics of Hobbes's concept of willing, to a sophisticated application of the bureaucratic politics/interest group approach to the behavior of key Soviet officials during the Polish crisis of the early 1980's. Volume 4 concludes with a study of Pennsylvania politics which addresses the question, why has this Commonwealth elected so few women to its state legislature? Like several of our past studies of Pennsylvania politics, the answer to this question has significance far beyond the borders of this one state, particularly as state legislatures have become such important arenas for the resolution of major issues that specially impact on women. I cannot conclude without expressing my gratitude to the authors, members