Master’s thesis Horrifying Empathy A comparative study of empathy in Stephen King’s Pet Sematary and The Shining, with a discussion of the use of horror literature in the EFL-classroom. Author: Niklas Petersson Supervisor: Anna Thyberg Examiner: Anna Greek Term: Spring 2018 Subject: English Level: Advanced Course Code: 4ENÄ2E Abstract This essay is a comparative analysis of the novels Pet Sematary and The Shining by Stephen King, where the empathy that the characters may invoke is analyzed. The focus lies on the children, mothers and fathers of the two families featured in the novels, who are analyzed in terms of Leake’s division of easy or difficult empathy. The essay also discusses the use of horror fiction in the EFL-classroom and how it may train students’ ability to empathize and motivate reluctant readers. The child characters mainly offer easy empathy since they experience negative emotions and victimization. The adult characters appear to be more nuanced, especially the two fathers who may invoke a combination of easy and difficult empathy through their change towards antagonists, or through their abusive behavior. Due to King’s complex characters, and suspenseful storytelling, it is possible that horror fiction of this kind can be used in the EFL-classroom to attract reluctant readers. As the students also come in contact with difficult empathy they can train their ability to understand and empathize with people who may act in ways that the students normally would disagree with. In that regard, it appears that horror fiction can have a pedagogical use in the EFL-classroom. Keywords Cognitive literary criticism, Empathy, Pet Sematary, The Shining, the EFL-classroom. i Petersson ii Table of Contents 1 Introduction _________________________________________________________ 1 2 Theory of empathy ___________________________________________________ 5 2.1 Definition of the term “Empathy” ____________________________________ 5 2.2 Why readers create empathetic bonds with characters _____________________ 7 2.3 Easy and difficult empathy _________________________________________ 10 3 Horror as motivation for reluctant readers ______________________________ 12 3.1 Reluctant readers ________________________________________________ 12 3.2 The attraction and pedagogical use of horror literature ___________________ 13 4 Empathy in Pet Sematary and The Shining _______________________________ 16 4.1 Easy empathy in Ellie and Danny____________________________________ 16 4.1.1 Supernatural powers and empathy _______________________________ 20 4.2 The mothers of Pet Sematary and The Shining _________________________ 25 4.3 Complicated fathers ______________________________________________ 31 5 Using horror fiction in the EFL-classroom _______________________________ 44 6 Conclusion _________________________________________________________ 47 Works cited ___________________________________________________________ I Petersson 1 1 Introduction In the Swedish National Agency of Education’s Curriculum for the upper secondary school (2013), one of the first fundamental values that is supposed to permeate the Swedish school concerns the understanding and compassion for others: The school should promote understanding of other people and the ability to empathise. No one in school should be subjected to discrimination on the grounds of gender, ethnic affiliation, religion or other belief system, transgender identity or its expression, sexual orientation, age or functional impairment, or to other forms of degrading treatment (4). This, according to the National Agency of Education, can be accomplished by the understanding of others, and through empathy (4). One issue with this statement is the question of how teachers are supposed to teach empathy to their students. A generally accepted opinion is that literature can invoke empathy in the readers, which is illustrated in the way many literary courses at universities are seen as “ways to “humanize” future doctors, engineers, and members of the professional-managerial class by cultivating empathy” (Hammond and Kim 8). The effect of empathy in literature is something that has been researched to a great extent in the field of cognitive literary criticism. One of the major researchers on the subject of empathy is Suzanne Keen, author of the book Empathy and the novel (2007), which has been said to “refin[e] the vectors and strategies of empathy and literature” (Hammond and Kim 10). However, there is still much potential for further studies in the field of cognitive literary criticism, with focus on the aspect of empathy and its pedagogical use. One such gap, is the question of whether or not certain genres of literature are more suitable than others to invoke empathy in students. This essay aims to address that gap, by analyzing the novels Pet Sematary (1983) and The Shining Petersson 2 (1977) and discuss the use of horror literature in the classroom. The focus is on how this genre can invoke empathy, and how that specific genre of fiction can help to attract reluctant readers to literature. According to Noël Carroll, author of The Philosophy of Horror, or, Paradoxes of the Heart (1990), horror literature first appeared in the eighteenth century in the form of English Gothic novels (4). Since then, it has expanded to other media, perhaps most notable the horror movie genre (Carroll 7). Ken Gelder states, in The Horror Reader (2000), that the horror genre is a cultural production that has great socio-cultural effects, helping us define such diffuse subjects as the definition of evil (1). At the same time, Gelder also acknowledges that the horror genre has often been perceived as illegitimate since it includes narratives that are “shocking, spectacular, sensationalist and ‘immoral’ (or amoral) . .” (5). As such, it proves to be a very complex genre of literature, since it both has impact on today’s society, whilst at the same time facing criticism and questioning when it comes to the genre’s legitimacy as a genre worthy of academic study. While this may show that the horror genre is a quite modern genre, that has potential to impact the society we live in, it does not really specify what it consists of. Sharon A. Russell attempts to define the horror genre in Stephen King: A Critical Companion (1996). According to Russell, there are several aspects that are often featured in the horror genre. First of all is the presence of monsters such as Dracula or the wolfman, yet all horror novels do not deal with monsters. Literature within the field is also often built around suspense, which is increased since the reader often knows more than the characters of the novel (17). As readers, we know that something is lurking in the dark, that the characters unknowingly go to investigate. Furthermore, different types of settings and themes are often recurring in horror fiction, such as “old houses, abandoned castles, damp cellars, or dark forests . .”, the struggle between good Petersson 3 and evil and the dangers accompanied by too much knowledge etc. (Russell 17-18). Finally, Russell discusses the origins of the genre itself, the Gothic novel and how modern horror differentiates itself from its origin. The Gothic generally deals with threats from outside of the character and it often “reflects concerns about advances in knowledge and whether they will be good or bad for society” (Russell 19). In modern horror, threats from inside the character have become more common, whilst the concern for how too much knowledge can affect the world remains (Russell 19). Many of these features may not be exclusive to the horror genre, perhaps it is more the combination of some or all of these that defines horror fiction as its own genre. The novels studied in this essay are Pet Sematary and The Shining, both written by Stephen King. There are several reasons for why these novels have been chosen for this essay. First of all, Stephen King is one of the major authors in the horror genre, and has been credited to be one of the writers who brought the horror genre into mainstream literature during the 1970’s (Carroll 2). Since then King has published over 50 novels (“The Library”). Many of these novels can be considered to belong to the horror genre. The novels chosen for this essay are two very prominent works in King’s bibliography. Both novels were made into movie adaptions and while the novel The Shining gained fame through Stanley Kubrick’s rendition of the story, Pet Sematary stands out as King himself believes it to be the “most frightening book I’ve ever written” (Sematary XI). As these novels are such iconic works by a very successful writer of horror fiction, they appear to be suitable for this essay through their function of representatives of the genre. Secondly, Pet Sematary and The Shining feature many similarities between the characters and their relationships. Both novels are centered around a family, the Creed’s and the Torrance’s. In both cases, the family consists of a mother, father and a child around the age five to six. Pet Sematary also features a second child, the baby Gage. Furthermore, the fathers, Louis Creed and Jack Torrance, while seemingly very Petersson 4 different in the start of the novel, both evolve into becoming somewhat of the antagonists as the stories progress. While the stories’ main protagonists may be argued to be the fathers, the mothers and oldest children play major roles in both novels. This allows the reader to experience empathy, not only towards the fathers, but also for the other characters that forms the families. These characters can then be discussed in terms of easy and difficult empathy. Both novels also contain a feature which allows a further depth to the empathy analysis of the child characters. Both Ellie and Danny possess some kind of supernatural powers. While Danny’s powers are shown very overtly in the novel, as he literary has “the shining”, Ellie appears to be somewhat clairvoyant as her dreams show her events taking place whilst she is asleep. This puts the characters in a peculiar situation when it comes to the question of them as victims, which allows for a further depth in the analysis of the empathy they invoke in the reader.