AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE 230 HA CAMP MACKALL DROP ZONE AND 70 HA MANCHESTER ROAD TRACT, FORT BRAGG, SCOTLAND AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA CHICORA FOUNDATION RESEARCH SERIES 187 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE 230 HA CAMP MACKALL DROP ZONE 70 HA MANCHESTER ROAD TRACT FORT BRAGG, SCOTLAND AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA Prepared For: Nati on al Park Service Southeast Region 75 Spring Street, S.W. Atlanta, Georgia 30303 With funds provided by the Department of the Army Under: Contract Number 1443CX500095043 Purchase Order Number 1443PX502096008 Prepared By: Michael Trinkley William B. Barr and Debi Hacker Chicora Research Contribution 187 Chicora Foundation, Inc. P.O. Box 8664 • 861 Arbutus Drive Columbia, South Carolina 29202-8864 Email: [email protected] June 6, 1996 Thh report is printed on permanent paper oo, ABSTRACT This study represents an intensive • site function/duration based on archaeological survey of two areas under the artifact content. oversight of Fort Bragg, North Carolina known as the Camp Mackall Drop Zone and the These investigations incorporated a review Manchester Road tract. The Camp Mackall Drop of the site files at the North Carolina Office of Zone, located in Scotland County, North Carolina Archaeology. A total of 16 previously recorded contains approximately 230 ha: The Manchester archaeological sites were found within the Camp Road tract, located in Cumberland County, North Mackall Drop Zone survey boundary. All were Carolina, within Fort Bragg proper, contains initially identified by Dr. Thomas Loftfield for approximaiely 70 ha. Coastal Zone Resources as a part of a reconnaissance survey of Fort Bragg, Camp This work is being done in order to fulfill Mackall, and Sinnnons Army Air Field. Additional compliance with the National Historic Preservation information concerning this previous suxvey, and Act (Public Law 89-665, as amended by Public Law the sites identified by Loftfield, can be found in 96-515), Guidelines for Federal Agency the Research Strategy and Methods section, as Responsibilities, under Section 110 of the National well as the Conclusions. No previously recorded Preservation Act, Army Regulation AR 420-40, sites were situated within the Manchester Road and 36CFR800 (Protection of Historic and survey tract. Cultural Properties). The project is administered for the United States Army by the National Park A total of 15 sites and 4 isolated Service (NPS), Southeast Regional Office. The occurrences were found or re-identified within the scope of work specified that the entire project area Camp Mackall Drop Zone area. Two sites and be surveyed as high probability using transects and one isolated occurrence were discovered in the shovel tests spaced at 30 m intervals. Manchester Road survey tract. Of the 22 archaeological sites identified, one (31SC88) is The primary purpose of this investigation recommended as potentially eligible for inclusion is to identify and assess the archaeological remains on the National Register of Historic Places. present at Camp Mackall and Fort Bragg for the National Register of Historic Places. There were Twenty-one of the 22 sites have prehistori<> also a number of secondary goals which included: components and five have historic assemblages. Thirteen of the 21 sites with prehistoric • an examination of changing components exhibit only lithic debitage or other prehistoric and historic land use; non-diagnostic material. A Yadkin component is found at six of the 21 prehistoric sites, representing • the affects of clear-cutting and the most conunon cultural assemblage identified. long-term exposure on Other Woodland assemblages, however, include archaeological sites; Hanover materials at two sites, the occurrence of Adam's Creek material at one site, and a Caraway • the effectiveness of 30 m projectile point (probably temporally associated interval transects at locating with the Yadkin pottery) at another. Archaic significant resources; assemblages include four sites with Morrow Mountain materials, two with Guilford, and one • changing !ithic material each of Hardaway, probable Big Sandy, Kirk, preferences; and Savannah, and Gypsy. i The historic materials are ephemeral and consist entirely of materials consistent with n1id­ nineteenth through mid-twentieth century occupation, typified by whiteware ceran1ics and clear bottle glass. It is recommended that additional testing take place at the potentially eligible site, 31SC88, as soon as possible. If this site is found to be eligible for inclusion on the National Register, then data recovery should be perfom1ed in the near future. This urgency is based not only on the exceptional data losses which have taken place at the survey tract since it was first examined by Coastal Zone Resources in 1979, but also on the fact that landscape modifications seem to be taking place on a daily basis since Chicora's survey in March of 1996. Military activities have already affected the integrity of one site (31SC87) while this report was being produced and it is suspected that any further delays in testing and data recovery will ahnost certainly result in the further losses. The recommendation of not eligible for the remaining 21 sites precludes the requirement of additional management activities. The Base Archaeologist, however, may wish to continue collecting these deflating sites using the previously established collection strategy for consistency. The additional data may prove useful to our understanding of settlement and, in particular, site density. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures v List of Tables vii Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 Sun'ey Background 1 Curation 7 Natural Setting 9 Physiography and Drainage 9 Geology and Soils 11 Climate 18 Floristics and Paleoenvironnzent 18 Prehistoric and Historic Overview 21 Previous Research 21 Prehistoric Ove111iew 25 Historic Oven.1ie»' 36 Research Strategy and Methods 45 Research Goals 45 Archival Research 51 Field Swvey 51 Laboratory Methods 56 Results of Survey 59 Introduction 59 Revisited Archaeological Sites 59 New(v Identified Archaeological Sites 78 Isolated Occurrences 96 Unlocated Sites 99 Conclusions 101 Introduction 101 Site Attrition 102 Site Size and Identification 103 Prehistoric Land Use 104 Site Density and Function 106 Lithic Resource Use 107 Artifacts 108 Recon·unendations 112 Sources Cited 113 Appendix 1. Catalog of Recovered Materials 123 iii lLllS'f OJF' lF'llGURJES Figure l. Location of the project areas in North Carolina 2 2. Location of the Camp Mackall and Manchester Road sUivey tracts 3 3. The Camp Mackall Drop Zone survey area 4 4. The Manchester Road survey area 5 5. Green Farm area of the Camp Mackall survey area 6 6. View of the Manchester Road survey area 6 7. Physiographic setting of the survey areas 10 8. Photograph of a partially filled in drainage in the Camp Mackall area 12 9. Soils in the Camp Mackall Drop Zone survey area 14 10. Soils in the Manchester Road survey area 15 11. Windstorm at Camp Mackall showing the loss of soil 17 12. Sites identified by Loftfield in the Camp Mackall Drop Zone survey area 22 13. Sites identified by Loftfield in the Manchester Road survey area 23 14. Cultural sequence for eastern North Carolina 26 15. Paleoindian projectile points in the Carolinas 28 16. Projectile point traditions of North Carolina 29 17. Mouzon's 1775 map of the Fort Bragg area 37 18. Colonial settlement along the upper Cape Fear 37 19. The Revolutionary War in North Carolina 40 20. The Civil War in North Carolina 42 21. Vicinity of Fayetteville and Fort Bragg in 1865 42 22. Location of survey transects for the Camp Mackall Drop Zone survey 53 23. Location of survey transects for the Manchester Road survey 54 24. Sites recorded in the Camp Mackall Drop Zone survey area 60 25. Sites recorded in the Manchester Road survey area 61 26 Map of 31SC66/31SC66** and test unit profile 63 27. Map of 31SC68 and test unit profile 65 28. Map of 31SC71 and test unit profile 68 29. Map of 31SC72 and test unit profile 70 30. Map of 31SC75 and test unit profile 72 31. Map of 31SC87/31SC87** and test unit profile 74 32. Map of 31SC88 and test unit profile 76 33. Map of 31SC91 and test unit profile 80 34. Map of 31SC92 and test unit profile 82 35. Map of 31SC93 and test unit profile 83 36. Map of 31SC94 and test unit profile 85 37. Map of 31SC95 and test unit profile 87 38. Map of 31SC96/31SC96** and test unit profile 88 39. Map of 31SC97 and test unit profile 90 40. Map of 31SC98/31SC98** and test unit profile 92 41. Map of 31CD455** and test unit profile 94 42. Map of 31CD456 and test unit profile 95 43. Map of isolated occurrences 97 v 44. Projectile points from the Camp Mackall survey 109 45. Projectile points and other tools from the Camp Mackall survey 110 46. Pottery recovered from the Camp Mackall survey 111 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Metric conversions 1 2. UTM coordinates for archaeological sites using GPS 55 3. Correlation of accession numbers with site numbers 56 4. Archaeological sites identified in the smvey 59 5. Artifacts recovered from Collection Units at 31SC71 67 6. Artifacts recovered from Collection Units at 31SC88/31SC88 .. 78 7. Artifacts recovered from Collection Units at 31SC96/31SC96•• 86 8. Sites in the survey areas 101 9. Artifact density 107 vii ACJK.NOWlLIEDGIEMIEN'fS While the work at Camp Mackall and Fort Pfeiffer, and Mr. Shawn T. Small. The surveys Bragg was conducted in compliance with various were conducted from March 13 to March 23, 1996 national historic preservation requiren1ents, we and we appreciate their dedication and hard work. wish to thank all of those involved for their Thanks also to Ms. Windi O'Connor and Ms. support and interest in the project. In particular, at Rachel Brinson who cataloged and processed the Fort Bragg Mr.