No. 91615-2 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. ARLENE’S FLOWERS, INC., D/B/A ARLENE’S FLOWERS AND GIFTS, AND BARRONELLE STUTZMAN, Appellants. INGERSOLL AND FREED, Respondents, v. ARLENE’S FLOWERS, INC., D/B/A ARLENE’S FLOWERS AND GIFTS, AND BARRONELLE STUTZMAN, Appellants. BRIEF OF NATIONAL RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANTS D. John Sauer Todd M. Nelson, WSBA 18129 JAMES OTIS LAW GROUP, LLC NELSON LAW GROUP PLLC 12977 North Forty Drive, Ste. 214 600 Stewart Street, Suite 100 St. Louis, Missouri 63141 Seattle, Washington 98101 (314) 682-6067 (206) 269-8290 [email protected] [email protected] Counsel for Amici Curiae TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ...................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ................................. 1 INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE CASE .......................... 2 ARGUMENT .............................................................................................. 3 I. Millions of Christians, Jews, and Muslims Sincerely Believe That Their Religious Beliefs Must Be Fully Integrated Into Their Lives in a “Vital Synthesis” of Work and Religious Values. ..................................................................... 3 II. Millions of Christians, Jews, and Muslims Adhere to the Deeply Rooted Religious Belief that Marriage Is the Divinely Ordained Union of Man and Woman. .............................. 9 III. The American Tradition of Respecting Religious Freedom of Conscience Protects the “Vital Synthesis” of the Religious Believer’s Faith and Occupation. ................................. 15 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 21 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................. 22 i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Other Authorities Page(s) Alister McGrath, Calvin and the Christian Calling, 1999 FIRST THINGS 94 (July 1999) .............................................................................................. 6 Amoris Laetitia (2016) ........................................................................ 12, 16 Book of Genesis..................................................................................... 9, 10 Book of Leviticus ....................................................................................... 10 CATECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH (1997) ........................ 4, 12, 16, 20 Christifideles Laici (1988) .......................................................................... 5 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Divine Institution of Marriage,NEWSROOM (Aug. 13, 2008) ................................................ 13 Epistle to the Ephesians ............................................................................ 11 Epistle to the Romans................................................................................ 11 Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, The Gospel at Work: A Conversation with Greg Gilbert and Sebastian Traeger (Jan. 15, 2014) ......................................................................................... 7 Evangelicals and Catholics Together, The Two Shall Become One Flesh: Reclaiming Marriage,FIRST THINGS (March 2015) ....................... 17, 19 Gaudium et Spes (1965) .............................................................................. 4 Gospel of Matthew .................................................................................... 11 Islamic Shura Council of Southern California, Islamic Perspective on Same-Sex Marriage (July 7, 2015) ........................................... 14, 17, 19 Lord Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, Humanum Colloquium on Complementarity (Nov. 17, 2014) ..................................................................................... 18 ii Other Authorities (Continued) Page(s) Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, LCMS Views – Marriage/Human Sexuality .......................................................................................... 12, 16 Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, Life Library – Vocation ....................... 6 Marc Kolden, Luther on Vocation, 3 WORD &WORLD 382 (Oct. 1, 2001) .......................................................................................... 5 Martin Luther, 3 LUTHER’S WORKS (1961) .............................................. 11 Miroslav Volf, FLOURISHING:WHY WE NEED RELIGION IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD (2015) ......................................................................................... 9 Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides), The Thirteen Foundations of Judaism, Principle V (Marc Mermelstein tr.) ......................................................... 8 Muslim Leaders Stand Against Gay Marriage,THE TELEGRAPH (May 18, 2013) ..................................................................................................... 14 National Association of Evangelicals, God Defined Marriage (June 26, 2015) ......................................................................................... 13, 16, 18 Oxford Islamic Information Centre, Five Pillars of Islam ......................... 8 Qur’an ....................................................................................................... 14 Rabbi Dr. Nachum Amsel, Homosexuality in Orthodox Judaism ............ 15 Rabbi Michael Strassfeld, Avodah: Vocation, Calling, Service ................. 8 Rabbi Tzvi Hersh Weinreb, Orthodox Response to Same-Sex Marriage (June 5, 2006) .................................................................................. 10, 15 Rev. Dr. Russell D. Moore, Man, Woman, and the Mystery of Christ: An Evangelical Protestant Perspective,TOUCHSTONE (Nov. 18, 2014) .... 18 iii Southern Baptist Convention, Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, SBC’s Richard Land Testifies in Support of Workplace Religious Freedom Act (Nov. 10, 2005) ................................................................. 7 Other Authorities (Continued) Page(s) Thomas Aquinas, SUMMA THEOLOGICA (Tr. 1920) .................................. 11 iv STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE The National Association of Evangelicals (“NAE”) is the largest network of evangelical churches, denominations, colleges, and independent ministries in the United States. It serves 40 member denominations, as well as numerous evangelical associations, missions, nonprofits, colleges, seminaries and independent churches. NAE serves as the collective voice of evangelical churches and other religious ministries. It believes that God has ordained marriage as the most basic unit for the building of earthly societies, and that the union is alone reserved for the joining of one man and one woman. The Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention is the moral concerns and public policy entity of the Southern Baptist Convention (“SBC”), the nation’s largest Protestant denomination, with more than 15.8 million members worshipping in over 50,000 autonomous churches and church-type missions. The ERLC is charged by the SBC with addressing public policy issues affecting such matters as religious freedom, marriage and family, the sanctity of human life, and ethics. Religious freedom is an indispensable, bedrock value for SBC churches. The Constitution’s guarantee of freedom from governmental interference in matters of religious freedom is a crucial protection upon which SBC members and adherents of other faith traditions 1 depend as they follow the dictates of their consciences in the practice of their faith. The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (“the Synod”) has some 6,150 member congregations with 2,200,000 baptized members throughout the United States. It steadfastly adheres to orthodox Lutheran theology and practice, and among its beliefs is the Biblical teaching that marriage is a sacred union of one man and one woman (Genesis 2:24-25), and that God gave marriage as a picture of the relationship between Christ and His bride the Church (Ephesians 5:32). As a Christian body in this country, the Synod believes it has the duty and responsibility to speak publicly in support of traditional marriage and in support of the religious liberty of all to express their religious belief that marriage is a divinely created relationship between one man and one woman. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE CASE Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all instruct that one’s faith beliefs must be fully integrated into one’s daily life, including one’s work. Believers in these faiths do not leave their religious values behind when they leave the church, synagogue, or mosque. Rather, they strive to obtain a “vital synthesis” between their work and religious values. For millions of these believers, their religious values include the historic belief that marriage is the divinely ordained union between man and 2 woman. This belief is deeply rooted in the sacred scriptures and traditions of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The belief does not arise from animus or bigotry, but from the teaching that marriage between man and woman is part of God’s plan and divinely ordained for procreation of children. Because of the “vital synthesis” between their religious values and work, the religious consciences of many believers requires them to avoid participating in, publicly endorsing, or celebrating same-sex weddings. Their beliefs do not require them to discriminate against any person, but only require them to avoid actively celebrating or supporting wedding ceremonies that