The Cross and the Crescent in East Africa An Examination of the Reasons behind the Change in Christian- Muslim Relations in Tanzania 1984-1994 Tomas Sundnes Drønen TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC. ............................................................................................................................ 3 PERSONAL INTEREST ........................................................................................................................................... 4 OBJECT AND SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................. 5 APPROACH AND SOURCES ................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER ONE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 PRE-COLONIAL TIMES ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.1.1 Early Muslim Settlements ................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.2 The Shirazi Period and the Portuguese Invention .............................................................................. 11 1.1.3 The Omani Arabs ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2 THE COLONIAL PERIOD ............................................................................................................................... 14 1.2.1 The Colonial Rule in German East Africa .......................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 The British Colonial Rule in Tanganyika ........................................................................................... 17 1.2.3 The British Colonial Rule in Kenya .................................................................................................... 19 1.3 POST-INDEPENDENCE .................................................................................................................................. 20 1.3.1 The Ujamaa Politics ........................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.2 The Christians and Ujamaa ................................................................................................................ 21 1.3.3 The Muslims and Ujamaa ................................................................................................................... 23 1.3.4 Civil Religion Under Ujamaa ............................................................................................................. 24 1.4 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER TWO THE DEVELOPMENT 1984-1994 .................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 THE RELIGIOUS GEOGRAPHY OF TANZANIA ................................................................................................ 27 2.2 TOWARDS CHANGES ................................................................................................................................... 29 2.3 THE TENSION ERUPTS ................................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Internal Problems for the Religious Communities .............................................................................. 33 2.3.2 The Good Friday Upheavals .............................................................................................................. 34 2.3.3 The OIC-Crisis ................................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.4 Destruction of Church Properties....................................................................................................... 37 2.4 THE EXPERIENCES OF THE CHURCH ............................................................................................................ 38 2.5 THE SITUATION AMONG THE MUSLIMS ON THE COAST OF KENYA ............................................................. 40 2.6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER THREE THE MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES .................................................................................... 43 3.1 MUSLIM ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.1 The Supreme Council of Tanzania Muslims (BAKWATA) .................................................................. 43 3.1.2 The Koran Reading Society (BALUKTA) ........................................................................................... 45 3.1.3 Other Muslim Organizations .............................................................................................................. 46 3.1.4 Parallels on the Coast of Kenya ......................................................................................................... 47 3.2 MUSLIM SELF-COMPREHENSION ................................................................................................................. 48 3.2.1 The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in East Africa ............................................................................... 52 3.3 CHRISTIAN ORGANIZATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 58 3.3.1 The Catholic and Protestant Churches ............................................................................................... 58 3.3.2 The Growth of the Pentecostal Churches ........................................................................................... 59 3.3.3 The Charismatic Influence on the Protestant Churches ..................................................................... 60 3.4 CHRISTIAN FUNDAMENTALISM ................................................................................................................... 61 1 3.4.1 Omari's View on Christian Fundamentalism ...................................................................................... 61 3.4.2 Ludwig's View on Christian Fundamentalism .................................................................................... 62 3.4.3 Mtikila and The Democratic Party ..................................................................................................... 63 3.4.4 Evaluation of Omari's View ............................................................................................................... 64 3.4.5 Evaluation of Ludwig's View .............................................................................................................. 66 3.4.6 Evaluation of Mtikila and the Democratic Party ................................................................................ 68 3.5 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER FOUR NATIONAL REASONS BEHIND THE CHANGE ......................................................................................... 70 4.1 C.K. OMARI: IDENTITY AND RELIGION IN POLITICS AND THE QUESTION OF LEADERSHIP ........................... 70 4.1.1 African Identity ................................................................................................................................... 71 4.1.2 Religion in Politics ............................................................................................................................. 71 4.1.3 Access to Power and Authority ........................................................................................................... 72 4.1.4 Access to Resources Available ............................................................................................................ 73 4.1.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 73 4.1.6 Evaluation of Omari’s View ............................................................................................................... 74 4.2 DAVID WESTERLUND AND FRIEDER LUDWIG: COMPARTMENTALIZED RELIGION ....................................... 76 4.2.1 The Special Treatment of the Christian and the Muslim Groups........................................................ 76 4.2.2 The Attempt to Include the Social Aspect of Religion in the Ujamaa Philosophy .............................. 77 4.2.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 79 4.2.4 Evaluation of Westerlund’s and Ludwig’s Views .............................................................................