(NEW Dec. 3, PAPILIO SERIES) 2008 GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION AND NEW TAXA OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES, ESPECIALLY FROM COLORADO By James A. Scott & Michaels. Fisher, with some parts by David M. Wright, Stephen M. Spomer, Norbert G. Kondla, Todd Stout, Matthew C. Garhart, & Gary M. Marrone Introduction and Abstract Michael Fisher is currently updating the 1957 book Colorado Butterflies, by F. Martin Brown, J. Donald Eff, and Bernard Rotger (Fisher 2005a, 2005b, 2006). This project has emphasized the necessity of naming certain butterflies in Colorado and vicinity that are distinctive, but currently have no name, as part of our goal of applying correct species/ subspecies names to all Colorado butterflies. Eleven of those distinctive butterflies are named here, in the genera Anthocharis, Neominois, Asterocampa, Argynnis (Speyeria), Euphydryas, Lycaena, and Hesperia. New life histories are reported for species or subspecies of Neominois & Oeneis & Euphydryas & Lycaena that were recently described or recently elevated in status. Lycaena jlorUs differs in hostplant, egg morphology, and somewhat in a seta on 151 -stage larvae. We also report the results ofresearch elsewhere in North America that was needed to determine which of the current subspecies names should be applied to other butterflies in Colorado, in the genera Anthocharis, Neominois, Apodemia, Callophrys, At/ides, Euphilotes, PlebeJus, Polites, & Hylephila. This research has added additional species to the total of Colorado butterflies. Nomenclatural problems in Colorado Lycaena & Calloph1ys are settled with lectotypes and designations of type localities and two pending petitions to suppress toxotaxa. Difficulties with the ICZN Code in properly applying names to clines are explored, and new terminology is given to some necessary biological solutions. Anthocharis "sara" group, Especially in Colorado and Vicinity, by J. Scott & M. Fisher (with New Research from Todd Stout) (one Ssp. Coauthored by Norbert G. Kondla) (Todd Stout will publish a regular paper on Anthocharis "sara" in The Taxonomic Report eventually, but has contributed some research here, in pursuit of our goal of determining the proper name for Colorado butterflies.) Colorado Anthocharis were previously considered to be A. sara, but actually there are two species in the state, A. sara near thoosa/inghami, and A. Julia Julia. This section discusses why there are two species, characterizes the known ssp., names three new ssp., and discusses their intergradation and problems with their taxonomic placement. We examined specimens from Colorado and other states in our collections and in Colorado museums, to determine proper Rames. Clearly there are two species (not just one )--A. sara and A. Julia--because the two are sympatric or nearly so at many sites. H. Geiger & A. Shapiro (1986, J. Res. Lepid: 25: 15-24) found A. sara sara very near the higher-altitude A.Julia stella at several sites on the top and W side of Sierra Nevada (stella occurs at Donner Pass 2100m where A. sara has been found as a stray 3 times; stella is a resident at Castle Peak 2750m where sara was found as a stray twice; and both were found as strays at Lang Crossing in Nevada Co. 4-5 times), and they found both near each other on the E side of the Sierras (stella at Truckee 1800m and sara 40 km Nat Sierra Valley [Sierraville?] 5000'=1500m, Sierra Co. Calif., April 10, 1988; stella at Yuba Pass in Sierra Co. 14 km from Sierra Valley [Sierraville?] sara), and both were found in the Trinity Alps and Ball Mtn. in N Calif., where stella was at higher altitude thansara; but they found no strict sympatry of resident populations. They also claimed to find electrophoretic differences between sara & stella, though these claims have not been repeated/verified. And Dennis Sorg caught sara and stella on Sierra Buttes Rd. above Packer Lake (in Yuba River drainage NNW of Sierra City), 7100',Sierra Co., June 22, 2002 (2002 Season Summary ofLepid. Soc.). And Ken Davenport and Jim Brock found both sara and stella in close proximity E of Bass Lake and in Fresno Dome region in Madera Co. in the SW Sierra Nevada (stella occurs at Beasore Rd., Madera Co. L May-M July, 500 feet higher in altitude and 1-3 road miles farther up than sara wh~ch flies Apr.-E June near Bass Lake)( cited by Ken Davenport 2004, Taxonomic Report of Int. Lep. Survey 5:17, and Davenport, pers. comm.). Brock found stella near Fresno Dome (June 6, 2002), and sara at lower levels of the Fresno Dome Road area (Scenic Road 10). Davenport (pers. comm.) found both sympatric at Big Sandy Cgd. (a small stream & meadow running into Bear Creek, Madera Co. Calif., May 29-30, 2007), where 6m1f stella and 3m large 2nd-generation sara were found; only stella was found below Fresno Dome Camp. Thus A. sara sara and A. julia stella are barely sympatric on the W side of the Sierra Nevada. Also, A. sara pseudothoosa and A. julia stella are actually sympatric at several sites on the E side of the Sierra Nevada in Mono Co. (from Green Can. N to the Walker area N of Sonora Jct., June-M July, Bruce & Bret Boyd, also cited by Davenport in Tax. Rept. 5:17). Also, Todd Stout has found A. sara thoosa and A. julia browningi sympatric at 3 sites in Utah. And our new records show that A. julia julia and A. sara ssp. interdigitate ranges in SW Colorado and N New Mexico, and will surely be found to be strictly sympatric there as well at least at the overlapping altitudinal limits of their ranges (they are known ~2 miles apart in La Plata Co. and 9 miles from each other in Garfield Co., and not far apart in Delta Co., and will probably be found to be completely sympatric in those counties plus Montrose & Archuleta Cos.). Todd Stout also found differences between larvae of sara (from Siskiyou Mts.)-thoosa-inghami compared to stella- browningi-julia-flora. Larvae of the former have the white lateral band more-or-less abruptly contrasting with the subdorsal and dorsal ground color, whereas the latter have the white lateral band gradually blended dorsally into the dorsal ground color. Larvae and pupae have a fairly simple color pattern, so all are somewhat similar (other than the blending), as shown by color photos of larvae of A. sara sara (Monroe & Monroe 2004, from Anza Borrego Desert State Park in S Calif.; Allen et al. 2005), the mature larva and pupa paintings by Charles Dammers of S Calif. A. sara sara (b/w drawing in Emmel & Emmel 1973 Butt. So. Calif.), the color photo of larvae of A. sara thoosa and A. julia browningi reared by Todd Stout (on utahlepsociety.org website), the color photos of larva (from BC) and pupa (from NW Ore.) of A. julia flora (in Guppy & Shepard 2001 Butt. BC), and color photos of larva and pupa of A. julia julia (from Lyons, Boulder Co. Colo., reared from egg/1st stage larva found on Arabis fendleri by Lynn & Gene Monroe). Larvae of all are fairly-dark green, with a whitish lateral band (extending onto the head) edged below by a darker green line, the uns darker green. The lateral band is mostly white, but may be yellowish-white (Emmel & Emmel 1973, from C. Dammers) due to a narrow band of yellow along the top of the band (as in the photos of sara in Allen et al. 2005 and flora in Guppy & Shepard 2001). The pupa is green or light-brown, and has the same white lateral band that extends from cone tip to cremaster, although it is edged dorsally (not ventrally) by a thick darker line. The ssp. sara pupa was described as light-brown, but pupae of ssp. sara do vary in color, as one from Strawberry Can. near Berkeley Calif. (photo from Paul Opler) is light-brown, while one from Alpine Lake Marin Co. Calif. (photo Opler) is green. The julia pupa is green, and flora varies from light-brown to dark- green. Thus, pupae seem to be individually variable in color. The thoosa larva looks dark-green, while the browningi larva is medium-green. The ssp. julia larva and pupa look more bluish-green dorsally than ventrally, and both are a lighter shade of green than the medium-green in the flora photos. And the white band is narrower on the head of julia than flora (the ssp. sara band is wide in Allen et al. 2005 [photo by T. J. Allen, but location not stated] but narrow in Monroe & Monroe 2004, and narrow on some photos by Todd Stout), while the white band is narrow on head and A10 of thoosa but wider on browningi. A larva of ssp. sara from Lagunitas Creek Calif. (slide from Paul Opler, reared by John Emmel) is dark-green, with the white band fairly wide on the head (the uns darker green). The species A. sara in general may have darker ground color. Todd Stout notes that the lateral white stripe is narrower on thoosa and inghami than on browningi & julia. However, the main difference between A. sara ssp. larvae and A. julia ssp. (including flora) larvae seems to be that above the lateral white band on the body, the ground color is whiter on A. julia as the band blends dorsally for 1-2 mm into the green ground color on top of larva, whereas in A. sara the larva is dark greenish above the white lateral band which is not blended into the green color. This blending occurs on all the julia and browningi and flora larva photos mentioned above, is evidently on a larva sent to Stout by the Monroes in 2006 from Boulder Co., and is lacking on the drawing and on all the photos of A.