CS6504-Computer Graphics M.I.E.T. ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University Chennai) TRICHY – PUDUKKOTTAI ROAD, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 007 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COURSE MATERIAL CS6504 - COMPUTER GRAPHICS III YEAR - V SEMESTER M.I.E.T./CSE/III/Computer Graphics CS6504-Computer Graphics M.I.E.T. ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF CSE (Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University Chennai) TRICHY – PUDUKKOTTAISYLLABUS (THEORY) ROAD, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 007 Sub. Code :CS6504 Branch / Year / Sem : CSE / III / V Sub.Name : COMPUTER GRAPHICS Staff Name :B.RAMA L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9 Survey of computer graphics, Overview of graphics systems – Video display devices, Raster scan systems, Random scan systems, Graphics monitors and Workstations, Input devices, Hard copy Devices, Graphics Software; Output primitives – points and lines, line drawing algorithms, loading the frame buffer, line function; circle and ellipse generating algorithms; Pixel addressing and object geometry, filled area primitives. UNIT II TWO DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS 9 Two dimensional geometric transformations – Matrix representations and homogeneous coordinates, composite transformations; Two dimensional viewing – viewing pipeline, viewing coordinate reference frame; widow-to- viewport coordinate transformation, Two dimensional viewing functions; clipping operations – point, line, and polygon clipping algorithms. UNIT III THREE DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS 10 Three dimensional concepts; Three dimensional object representations – Polygon surfaces- Polygon tables- Plane equations - Polygon meshes; Curved Lines and surfaces, Quadratic surfaces; Blobby objects; Spline representations – Bezier curves and surfaces -B-Spline curves and surfaces. TRANSFORMATION AND VIEWING: Three dimensional geometric and modeling transformations – Translation, Rotation, Scaling, composite transformations; Three dimensional viewing – viewing pipeline, viewing coordinates, Projections, Clipping; Visible surface detection methods. UNIT IV ILLUMINATION AND COLOUR MODELS 7 Light sources - basic illumination models – halftone patterns and dithering techniques; Properties of light - Standard primaries and chromaticity diagram; Intuitive colour concepts - RGB colour model - YIQ colour model - CMY colour model - HSV colour model - HLS colour model; Colour selection. UNIT V ANIMATIONS & REALISM 10 ANIMATION GRAPHICS: Design of Animation sequences – animation function – raster animation – key frame systems – motion specification –morphing – tweening. COMPUTER GRAPHICS REALISM: Tiling the plane – Recursively defined curves – Koch curves – C curves – Dragons – space filling curves – fractals – Grammar based models – fractals – turtle graphics – ray tracing. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS M.I.E.T./CSE/III/Computer Graphics CS6504-Computer Graphics TEXT BOOKS: 1. John F. Hughes, Andries Van Dam, Morgan Mc Guire ,David F. Sklar , James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner and Kurt Akeley ,”Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice”, , 3rd Edition, Addison- Wesley Professional,2013. (UNIT I, II, III, IV). 2. Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker M, “Computer Graphics", Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 2007 (UNIT V). REFERENCES: 1. Donald Hearn and M. Pauline Baker, Warren Carithers,“Computer Graphics With Open GL”, 4th Edition, Pearson Education, 2010. 2. Jeffrey McConnell, “Computer Graphics: Theory into Practice”, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2006. 3. Hill F S Jr., "Computer Graphics", Maxwell Macmillan” , 1990. 4. Peter Shirley, Michael Ashikhmin, Michael Gleicher, Stephen R Marschner, Erik Reinhard, Kelvin Sung, and AK Peters, Fundamental of Computer Graphics, CRC Press, 2010. 5. William M. Newman and Robert F.Sproull, “Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics”, Mc Graw Hill 1978. 6. http://nptel.ac.in/ SUBJECT IN-CHARGE HOD M.I.E.T./CSE/III/Computer Graphics CS6504-Computer Graphics M.I.E.T. ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University Chennai) TRICHY – PUDUKKOTTAIUNIT-I ROAD, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 007 INTRODUCTION Survey of computer graphics, Overview of graphics systems – Video display devices, Raster scan systems, Random scan systems, Graphics monitors and Workstations, Input devices, Hard copy Devices, Graphics Software; Output primitives – points and lines, line drawing algorithms, loading the frame buffer, line function; circle and ellipse generating algorithms; Pixel addressing and object geometry, filled area primitives. 1.1 Survey of Computer Graphics Computer Graphics the discipline of producing picture or images using a computer which include modelling, creation, manipulation, storage of geometric objects, rendering, converting a scene to an image, the process of transformations, rasterizing, shading, illumination and animation of the image. Areas: Science and Engineering Medicine Business Art Entertainment Government Education Training Advertising Industry Application: Computer Aided Design Presentation Graphics Computer art Entertainment M.I.E.T./CSE/III/Computer Graphics CS6504-Computer Graphics Education and Training Visualization Image processing Graphical user Interfaces 1.2 Overview of Graphics systems: It consists of input and output devices, graphics system, application program and application model. A computer receives input from input devices and outputs images to a display device. The input and output devices are called the hardware components of the conceptual framework. There are three software components of conceptual framework. 1.Application model 2.Application program 3.Graphics system 1.Application model The application model captures all the data and objects to be pictures on the screen. It also captures the relationship among the data and objects these relationship are stored in the database called application database and are referred by application program. 2.Application program It creates the application model and communicates with it to receive the data and store the data and information of object‟s attributed. The application program also handles user input. It produces vies by sending a series of graphics output commands to the graphics system. 3.Graphics System It is an intermediately between the application program and the display hardware. It accepts the series of graphics output commands from application program. The output command contains both a detailed geometric description of what is to be viewed and the attributes describing how the objects should appear. M.I.E.T./CSE/III/Computer Graphics CS6504-Computer Graphics 1.3 Video Display Devices The display devices are known as output devices.The most commonly used output device in a graphics video monitor.The operations of most video monitors are based on the standard cathode-ray- tube (CRT) design. How the InteractiveGraphics display works The modern graphics display is extremely simple in construction. It consists of three components: 1-Adigitalmemory, or frame buffer, in which the displayed Image is stored as a matrix of intensity values. 2-Amonitor 3-Adisplay controller,which is a simple interface that passes the contents of the frame buffer to the monitor.Inside the frame buffer the image is stored as a pattern of binary digital numbers, which represent a rectangular array of picture elements, or pixel. The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element. In the Simplest case where we wish to store only black and white images, we can represent black pixels by 0's in the frame buffer and white Pixels by 1's. The display controller simply reads each successive byte of data from the frame buffer and converts each 0 and 1 to the corresponding video signal. This signal is then fed to the monitor. If we wish to change the displayed picture all we need to do is to change of modify the frame buffer contents to represent the new pattern of pixels. 1.3.1 Cathode-Ray-Tubes A CRT is an evacuated glass tube. An electron gun at the rear of the tube produces a beam of electrons which is directed towards the front of the tube (screen). The inner side of the screen is coated with phosphor substance which gives off light when it is stroked by electrons. It is possible to control the point at which the electron beam strikes the screen, and therefore the position of the dot up on the screen, by deflecting the electron beam. The fig below shows the electrostatic deflection of the electron beam in a CRT. The deflection system of the cathode-ray-tube consists of two pairs of parallel plates, referredto as the vertical and horizontal deflection plates. The voltage appliedto vertical plates controls the vertical deflection of the electron beam and voltage applied to the horizontal deflection plates controls the horizontal deflection of the electronbeam.There are two techniques used for producing image on the CRT screen:Vector scan/random scan and Raster scan. M.I.E.T./CSE/III/Computer Graphics CS6504-Computer Graphics Persistence: It is defined as the time they continue to emit light after the CRT beam is removed. Persistence is defined as the time it take the emitted light from the screen to decay to one-tenth of its original intensity. Lower- persistence phosphors require higher refresh rates to maintain a picture on the screen without flicker. A phosphor with low persistence is useful for animation ; a high-persistence phosphor is useful for displaying highly complex, static pictures. Although some phosphor have a persistence greater than 1 second, graphics monitor are usually constructed with a persistence in the range from 10 to 60 microseconds.