TACKLING MULTIPLE DISCRIMINATION IN GREECE No part of this book may be reproduced or transmmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the editors. Title: TACKLING MULTIPLE DISCRIMINATION IN GREECE Editors: Dionysis Balourdos, Nikos Sarris ISBN: 978-960-508-291-8 © 2018 – by ION PUBLISHING GROUP Maria Parikou & Co LTD - www.iwn.gr © 2018 EKKE (NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH) 9 Kratinou & Athenas str., 105 52 Athens Tel.: 210-7491.600 – Fax: 210-7489.130 site: www.ekke.gr – email: [email protected] All rights reserved by the editors for designs, photographs and texts included in this book. NATIONAL ECONOMIC HELLENIC REGION OF UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR AND SOCIAL OPEN CRETE OF SEVILLE SOCIAL COUNCIL OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH GREECE Tackling Multiple Discrimination in Greece Dionysis Balourdos – Nikos Sarris (Eds.) This volume was issued in the framework of the research programme “Tackling multiple discrimination in Greece: Delivering equality by active exploration and enabling policy interventions”, which was funded by the European Union’s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020). ATHENS 2018 Contents Preface, Nicolas Demertzis ............................................. 13 Introduction, D. Balourdos – N. Sarris ......................... 15 Chapter 1. Multiple discrimination from a social science approach: theory, research, and policies, Eduardo Bericat, Mercedes Camarero-Rioja, María Luisa Jiménez-Rodrigo ......................................... 25 1.1 Introduction ................................................................ 25 1.2 A social science approach .......................................... 26 1.3 A social science framework of discriminatory facts .. 31 1.4 Methodologies and techniques to measure the incidence and understand the meaning of the multiple discriminatory processes ........................ 38 1.5 Policies and good practices for tackling the mechanisms of multiple discrimination ..................... 47 1.6 Conclusions ................................................................ 53 Bibliography ........................................................................ 54 Chapter 2. The Legislative Framework for Tackling Multiple Discrimination in Greece: Theoretical Approach, Best Practices and Results from Surveys, Nikos Sarris ..................................................................... 61 2.1 Introduction ................................................................ 61 2.2 Definition and types of multiple discrimination ........ 62 2.3 Brief presentation of the European Union legislation ................................................................... 64 2.4 National legislation on multiple discrimination ........ 67 2.5 The Greek anti-discrimination institutional framework .................................................................. 68 2.6 Implementation of the principle of equal treatment by the Greek Ombudsman ........................................ 74 2.7 Best Practices ............................................................. 77 2.8 Eurobarometer survey on discrimination in Greece .. 82 2.9 The results of the fieldwork research conducted by the National Centre for Social Research .............. 89 2.10 Results from the World Values Survey (wave 7) ...... 94 2.11 Conclusions ................................................................ 96 Bibliography ........................................................................ 99 CONTENTS Chapter 3. The regulation of multiple non- discrimination in Greece, Gabriel Amitsis .................. 105 3.1 Introduction ............................................................. 105 3.2 The Constitutional norms ......................................... 106 3.3 The UN norms .......................................................... 110 3.4 The Council of Europe norms .................................. 115 3.5 The EU norms .......................................................... 121 3.6 Conclusion .............................................................. 130 Bibliography ...................................................................... 131 Chapter 4. Preliminary findings of the survey on multiple discrimination in Greece, Evangelia Tserpeli .......................................................................... 135 4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 135 4.2 Method .................................................................... 136 4.3 Results. Section A: Participants’ demographic information ............................................................... 139 4.4 Section B. Views about multiple discrimination ..... 146 4.5 Section C. Multiple discrimination experiences ...... 151 4.6 Section D. Awareness of Rights ............................. 162 Chapter 5. Vulnerable social groups and multiple discrimination in Greece: face-to-face interviews with six targets groups in the Attica region, Despina Grigoriadou ..................................................... 167 5.1 Introduction ............................................................. 167 5.2 Methodology of interviews ...................................... 169 5.3 Key findings ............................................................ 171 5.4 Policy Recommendation and Suggestions .............. 184 Bibliography ..................................................................... 186 Chapter 6. (Multiple) Discrimination in the Greek Labour Market: A pilot field experiment on recruitment, Eleni Georgakakou .................................. 189 6.1 Abstract .................................................................... 189 6.2 Introduction .............................................................. 189 8 CONTENTS 6.3 Research on (multiple) discrimination ..................... 191 6.4 The legal framework ................................................ 193 6.5 Pilot implementation of Situation Testing in multiple discrimination ........................................ 194 6.6 Design of the experiment ......................................... 195 6.7 Results ...................................................................... 201 6.8 Conclusions: Towards a new design for the research on multiple discrimination ............. 206 Bibliography ...................................................................... 209 Websites ............................................................................. 211 Chapter 7. Multiple Discrimination and Inequalities: An Empirical Investigation, George Papadoudis ...... 213 7.1 Introduction ............................................................. 213 7.2 Sample description and data definitions .................. 215 7.3 Research question & initial findings ....................... 219 7.4 Method & empirical evidence ................................. 223 7.5 Concluding remarks ................................................ 229 Bibliography ..................................................................... 231 Chapter 8. Experiences of and Factors Contributing to Discrimination in Greek Hospitals, from the Perspective of Healthcare Users, Physicians, Nurses, and Hospital Administrators, Maria Petraki, Matthew Matsaganis ..................................................................... 235 8.1 Introduction .............................................................. 235 8.2 Defining and Understanding Discrimination ........... 236 8.3 Discrimination and Healthcare Disparities .............. 238 8.4 The Case of the Greek Healthcare System ............... 239 8.5 A Socio-Ecological Theoretical Framework ............ 240 8.6 Research Questions .................................................. 241 8.7 Methodology ............................................................ 241 8.8 Research Setting ....................................................... 242 8.9 Participants and Data Collection .............................. 242 8.10 Data Management and Analysis .............................. 244 8.11 Findings and Interpretation ...................................... 245 8.12 Awareness and Experiences of Discrimination ....... 246 9 CONTENTS 8.13 Factors Contributing to If and How Discrimination Manifests in Hospitals .............................................. 254 8.14 Best Practices against Discrimination ...................... 257 8.15 Discussion ................................................................ 258 8.16 Phenomena and Processes of Discrimination, and How to Eliminate Them .................................... 259 8.17 Addressing Environmental and Organisational Factors Contributing to Discrimination ................... 262 8.18 Conclusion ............................................................... 264 Bibliography ...................................................................... 264 Chapter 9. Age Discrimination and Active Labour Market Policies in a context of deregulation and economic crisis, Orestis Papadopoulos ........................ 269 9.1 Abstract .................................................................... 269 9.2 Introduction ............................................................. 269 9.3 Review of literature .................................................. 271 9.4 Methods ................................................................... 275 9.5 Findings ................................................................... 277 9.6 Discussion ..............................................................