The University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2018 Between forum and tower: The sources of political judgement in the leadership of Pope John Paul II Cormac McCaughan The University of Notre Dame Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Religion Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details McCaughan, C. (2018). Between forum and tower: The sources of political judgement in the leadership of Pope John Paul II (Master of Philosophy (School of Philosophy and Theology)). University of Notre Dame Australia. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/ 220 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. 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Between Forum and Tower: The Sources of Political Judgment in the Leadership of Pope John Paul II Cormac McCaughan A thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Philosophy School of Philosophy and Theology The University of Notre Dame Australia 2018 1 | P a g e 2 | P a g e Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter One .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Section One: An Overview of The Forum and The Tower ............................................................... 16 i) Thymos and Eros ............................................................................................................. 19 Section Two: Understanding Glendon’s Project through Aristotle .................................................. 26 i) Understanding Aristotle’s Virtue: Mean and Excellence ....................................................... 28 ii) Eudaimonia as “Happiness”? Contemplation and Moral Virtue ............................................ 35 iii) Levels of Ends for Happiness ................................................................................................. 38 Section Three: Life in the “Forum” & Life in the “Tower” .............................................................. 41 i) Political Influence through Life in the “Tower” ..................................................................... 41 ii) The Inclusivist Solution to theoria in the “Forum” ................................................................ 44 iii) Political Influence through Life in the “Forum” .................................................................... 47 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Chapter Two.......................................................................................................................................... 53 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Section One: The Glendon Method .................................................................................................. 55 i) Context and Political Judgment ....................................................................................... 55 Section Two: Maritain and the Glendon Graph ................................................................................ 58 i) The End of Machiavellianism ................................................................................................ 58 ii) Hypermoralism ....................................................................................................................... 64 iii) Machiavellianism ................................................................................................................... 69 iv) Phronesis – the Mean between Hypermoralism and Machiavellianism................................. 74 Section Three: Reasons for Success or Failure And Limitations ...................................................... 79 i) On Success and Failure .......................................................................................................... 79 ii) Limitations of the “Glendon Graph” ...................................................................................... 80 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 81 Chapter Three........................................................................................................................................ 84 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 84 i) Why Pope John Paul II? ................................................................................................... 87 Section One: The Biographical Context of John Paul II ................................................................... 88 i) The Role of Context in Karol Jozef Wojtyla: A Brief Biography ................................... 88 Section Two: Human Persons and Human Rights ............................................................................ 97 i) The Human Person at the Centre of Wojtyla’s Political Thought .......................................... 97 ii) Human Rights ....................................................................................................................... 101 3 | P a g e Section Three: Participation, Alienation and Political Structures ................................................... 106 i) Participation: The Chief End of Politics ............................................................................... 106 ii) Alienation: The Defect of Economic and Political Systems ................................................ 109 iii) Analysing Political and Economic Structures: Socialism and Capitalism ........................... 110 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 117 Chapter Four ....................................................................................................................................... 120 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 120 Section One: The Political Agency of the Papacy .......................................................................... 124 i) The Pope as a “Hybrid” Political Actor ......................................................................... 124 Section Two: The Political Judgment of John Paul II..................................................................... 130 i) Integrity or Compromise? ..................................................................................................... 130 ii) “Chief Diplomat”: The Ostpolitik and Diplomacy ............................................................... 133 iii) “Moral Authority”: Rhetoric on Pilgrimage ......................................................................... 141 Section Three: Success or Failure – Is John Paul II the “Practically Wise Man”? ......................... 147 i) John Paul II and the Solidarity Movement ........................................................................... 148 ii) The “Confluence of Gifts, favourable conditions, and plain luck” ...................................... 151 iii) John Paul II’s Lessons for the Aspirant Statesperson ........................................................... 156 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 160 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 163 APPENDIX A: Timeline ................................................................................................................ 168 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 169 4 | P a g e Thesis Abstract According to Mary Ann Glendon, scholars and statespersons have often grappled with a tension of pursuing their political ideals within practical realities. In The Forum and The Tower, Glendon examines how the political judgments of prominent public figures illuminates how conceptions of political ends inform, or do not inform, those decisions. This thesis draws from contemporary debates on Aristotle’s phronesis to explore how political actors deliberate between acting with integrity and compromising their political ideals. It develops a theoretical framework to examine the sources of political judgment in the leadership of Pope John Paul II towards Communist authority in Poland. The research proposes that John Paul II’s moral diplomacy draws from