23042 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ons t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p on nternat, Aricultural Research ililllli r S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 and US Acad of j yindustry Organization UN Development Programme Foo lture Organization of the UN UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Global Fo oiAgricultural Research UN Environment Programme Public Disclosure Authorized International Il for Sci'ence UN Industrial Development Organization International F Oricultural Development Union of Concerned Scientists Third World Academy4,ciences Agricultural Biotechnology and the Poor G. J. Persley and M. M. Lan tin, Editors Proceedings of an International Conference Washington, D.C., 21-22 October 1999 Convened by Consultative Grouypon Interllational Agricultural ResearchI U.S. National Acadenmyof Sciences Convened by: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Cosponsors: Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR) International Council for Science (ICSU) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) UN Development Programme (UNDP) UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) UN Environment Programme (UNEP) UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) Dedication To Dr. JohlnJ. Doyle, 1944-1999, one of the pioneering scientists in the CGIAR Systenmwt1ho worked on1the application1 Ofnmolecillar Hiology to livestock diseases at 7LRAD (now?ILRI) in Africafor 20 years. lack zoos,as hiis colleagues at ILRI said, "a miandedlicated to a single idea that science coutld solve humannproblems, anzd hlehad the courage to go after tlhat n2omaltter what." The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect a consensus of views within the CGIAR system or the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Copyright (© 2000 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 1818 H Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. hlttp://wzvw.cgiar.org/biotechc/bioconif.htm Citation: G.J. Persley and M.M. Lantin, Editors. 2000. Agricultural Biotechnology and the Poor: Proceedings of an International Conference, Washington, D.C., 21-22 October 1999. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. Technical Editor: L. Reginald Maclntvre Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments vii SECTION ONE AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE POOR: PROMETHEAN SCIENCE G. J. Perslelw 3 SECTION TWO SETTING THE SCENE The Challenge of Poverty in the 21' Century: The Role of Science IsmtiailScrageldini 25 Feeding the Developing World in the Next Millennium: A Question of Science? Alexander F. McCalla and Lynin R. Brozen 32 Genetic Engineering and Food Security: Ecological and Livelihood Issues M. S. Szvaininathan 37 SECTION THREE ANALYZING OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES China: Agricultural Biotechnology Opportunities to Meet the Challenges of Food Production Qifa ZhIang 45 India: Biotechnology Research and Development Manjut Sliarimia 51 Philippines: Challenges, Opportunities, and Constraints in Agricultural Biotechnology Reynaldo E. de la Crtuz 58 Thailand: Biotechnology for Farm Products and Agro-Industries Morakot Tanticharoen 64 Brazil: Biotechnology and Agriculture to Meet the Challenges of Increased Food Production Maria Jose Anistalden Sam paio 74 Costa Rica: Challenges and Opportunities in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Aia Sittenfeld, Ana Mercedes Espinioza,Migutel Mlunioz,Alejandro Zamlora 79 Mexico: Ensuring Environmental Safety While Benefiting from Biotechnology Ariel Alvarez-Morales 90 Egypt: Biotechnology from Laboratory to the Marketplace: Challenges and Opportunities Magdy A. Madkotur 97 iii iv Agriciituhral Biotechnology and the Poor Iran: Hopes, Achievements, and Constraints in Agricultural Biotechnology Behzad Glhareyazie 100 Jordan: Status and Future Prospects of Biotechnology Moh'd M. Ajlouni and H. Malkawi 105 Kenya: Biotechnology in Africa: Why the Controversy? Cilrus G. Ndiritu 109 South Africa: Biotechnology for Innovation and Development BoingiweNjobe-Mbuli 115 Zimbabwe: Exploitation of Biotechnology in Agricultural Research ChristoplierJ. Chetsanga 118 SECTION FOUR CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS Science-Based Risk Assessment for the Approval and Use of Plants in Agricultural and Other Environments R. James Cook 123 Genetically Modified Crops and Other Organisms: Implications for Agricultural Sustainability and Biodiversity Brian Johnson 131 Sustainable Use of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries Fred Gouildanld Michael B. Cohen 139 SECTION FIVE MINIMIZING HEALTH RISKS Potential Health Risks of Genetically Modified Organisms: How Can Allergens beAssessed and Minimized? SamnuelB. Lehrer 149 SECTION SIX MINIMIZING SOCIAL RISKS Modern Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture: Risks and Opportunities for the Poor Per Pinstrinp-Andersenand Marc J. Cohen 159 SECTION SEVEN ETHICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Ethical Challenges of Agricultural Biotechnology for Developing Countries KlautsM. Leisinger 173 SECTION EIGHT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH Evolving Role of the Public and Private Sector in Agricultural Biotechnology for Developing Countries Gerard Barry and Robert Horsch 183 Genomics Research: Prospects for Improving Livestock Productivity VishlvanathNene, SuibliashMorzaria, LyldcnBaker, Agnes Odoniyo,Ed Rege, ErcoleZerbini, and Richard Bishop 186 Leveraging Partnerships Between the Public and Private Sector - Experience of USAID's Agricultural Biotechnology Program josette Lewis 196 SECTION NINE PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Intellectual Property Protection: Who Needs It? David L. Richer 203 Managing Intellectual Property - Challenges and Responses for Agricultural Research Institutes Joel 1. Cohen 209 SECTION TEN COMMUNICATING ABOUT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ADDRESSING PUBLIC CONCERNS 221 SECTION ELEVEN Contributors 231 Acronyms and Abbreviations 234 Foreword e eradication of poverty and hunger in ramiento de Maiz y Trigo, and Donald Winkel- developing countries represents a major mann, CGIAR Technical Advisory Committee, challenge that is dependent on agricultural worked successfully to develop the conference productivity and the discerning application of sci- program. The program was structured to draw ence and technology to ensure the health of from expert presentations as a basis for discus- people and environments globally. To explore sion, as well as sessions that were designed to these issues, an international conference focused encourage interaction and exchange of ideas on on biotechnology and its potential impact on ag- the challenges, opportunities, and constraints riculture in developing countries was held at the of biotechnology and its impact in developing World Bank in Washington, D.C., on October 21- countries. 22, 1999. The conference was convened by the The conference responded to the pressing need Consultative Group on International Agricultural for an open, inclusive, and participatory debate Research (CGIAR) and the U.S. National Acad- on potential benefits and risks of biotechnology, emy of Sciences (NAS), and was cosponsored by: grounded in scientific evidence, and concerned Biotechnology Industry Organization, Food and with the common good. Science-based discus- Agriculture Organization, Global Forum on Ag- sions such as this one are critical in guiding the ricultural Research, International Council for Sci- strategies of the international agricultural re- ence, International Fund for Agricultural search centers of the CGIAR as they mobilize, in Development, Third World Academy of Sciences, collaboration with their partners, cutting-edge UN Development Programme, UN Educational, science to combat poverty, hunger, and environ- Scientific and Cultural Organization, UN Envi- mental degradation in the world's developing ronment Programme, UN Industrial Develop- regions. ment Organization, and the Union of Concerned Over 400 people attended the conference, Scientists. We welcome the partnership with such which was global in scope. Participants included a distinguished group of organizations in ad- representatives from the national research orga- dressing these challenging issues of science and nizations of developing and industrial countries, policy. nongovernmental and community-based organi- A steering committee comprised of Andrew zations, the private sector, senior policymakers, Bennett, Department for International Develop- academics, scientists, international agricultural ment, U.K., Charlotte Kirk Baer, Board on Agri- researchers, development communicators, and culture and Natural Resources, The National media. Diverse technological, environmental, Academies, Joel E. Cohen, Rockefeller University, public health, economic, ethical, and social view- Nina Fedoroff, Pennsylvania State University, points were actively sought so that linkages could Timothy Reeves, Centro Internacional de Mejo- be explored. Our hope was that the elements of XI vi Agricultural Biotechnology aind the Poor future activities could emerge that are directed Department Director Alexander McCalla spoke specificallly toward the needs of small farmers on behalf of the CGIAR. Their insights provided and consumers in developing countries. a valuable synopsis of the event. In his welcoming remarks, E. William The coming