Information when you need it symptoms guide www.cottoninfo.com.au CottonInfo | In this together – Pest Management February 2020 From Endemics to Exotics Identifying cluster caterpillar, northern armyworm and fall armyworm Proper identification is important for knowing if the insect in your field is of economic importance. The correct identification of a pest allows for: Appropriate management practices to be implemented, and Early identification and detection of potential exotic pests, enabling successful containment and eradication programs. Key features of a pest throughout its lifecycle can assist with making a correct identification. While a photo is worth a thousand words, ensuring you read the text description of symptoms and visual appearance can help differentiate between similar Fall armyworm can damage looking appearances. and destroy a wide variety of crops, and is an exotic If you suspect you have detected fall armyworm, pest with recent detections contact the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline. in Australia. symptoms guide www.cottoninfo.com.au Common name Cluster caterpillar Northern armyworm Fall armyworm Also known as Cotton Northern armyworm can Can often be confused with leafworm and Tobacco often be confused with the Helicoverpa spp. and with other cutworm common armyworm due to Spodoptera spp. very similar appearance, lifecycle, damage, monitoring and control methods. Scientific name Spodoptera litura Mythimna separata Spodoptera frugiperda Distribution Across Australia Across Australia Exotic pest: Fall armyworm has recently been detected in Australia. Native to tropical and sub- tropical areas of Americas. It has since spread across two continents and over 60 countries in just under three years. Hosts Broad host range Sorghum, maize, barley, Almost 100 plant species are including cotton wheat and rice known hosts including cotton Talk to your agronomist or the Department of Agriculture in your State for more information on identification or management. Egg identification Eggs will become darker in appearance with age. Cluster caterpillar Northern armyworm Fall armyworm y Eggs are laid in clusters of up to y Milky white to light brown y Laid in clusters of up to 200 300 eggs. coloured eggs. eggs. y Pale pink to cream coloured eggs. y Creamy coloured eggs. y Clusters are covered in a layer y Clusters covered in layers of of pale-brown ‘furry’ hair-like grey-ish ‘furry’ hair-like scales. scales. Covered in hair like scales Covered in hair like scales (P. Grundy, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries) (ICAR Research Complex: Firake DM et al 2019) (James Castner, University of Florida) symptoms guide www.cottoninfo.com.au Larvae identification Scale: 50 mm Larval colouring is difficult to use for identification as larvae come in different colours and colouring changes with development. Mature larvae are required for identification by appearance. Cluster caterpillar Northern armyworm Fall armyworm y Up to 50mm in length y Up to 40mm in length. y Up to 40mm in length. y Mature larvae: y Mature larvae: y Mature larvae: – Three pale yellow/orange – Three white stripes on the – White and dark stripes run lines run down the length of ‘collar’ behind the head and down the length of the body. the body. along the entire body – Dark spots with hairs occur – Row of black dots along each all over the body. side of the body. – Pale yellow inverted ‘Y’ on – Row of half-moon shapes Three white the head. along the back. stripes on – Spots in a trapeze the collar. arrangement on middle segments of the body. Half moon – Four larger distinct spots in shapes along square arrangement on the the body. last segment of the body. Inverted pale yellow Y on head. Spots in a trapeze shape on the Three pale (ICAR Research Complex: Firake DM et al 2019) middle segment yellow stripes. of the body. Four distinct spots in a square arranged on the (Grundy P, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries) last segment. (Firake DM, ICAR Research Complex) (Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries) (Buss J.L, University of Florida) symptoms guide www.cottoninfo.com.au Scale: 40 mm Moth identification All species’ moths have a wingspan of up to 40mm. Cluster caterpillar Northern armyworm Fall armyworm y Brown forewings with brown, y Fawn or light brownish yellow y Male forewings are mottled red and dark grey markings colour. grey and light brown with a – Silvery/light coloured white-cream mark at the tip and marbling patterns near the centre of the wings y Hindwings are white and partly y Females have grey-brown translucent forewings – Brown edge White cream mark at tip and near centre of wing Male. Patterned forewings with Male. Males have light marbling mottled forewings Female. Female. (J-F Germain, Anses, FR) (Holman S, Queensland Department of Agriculture and (Buss L.J, University of Florida) Fisheries) If you suspect fall armyworm, call the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881 Acknowledgement to Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Bayer, Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS), Plant Health Australia and Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources for their contributions. For detailed references, please visit the CottonInfo website, www.cottoninfo.com.au.