Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma � Energy Options Analysis � A Preliminary Review of Renewable Energy � Development and Utility Cost Savings Options � DOE award number: DE-FG36-06GO16021 � Submitted By: � Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma � 881 Little Dee Drive � Pawnee, OK 74058 � Summit Blue Consulting, LLC � 1722 14th Street, Ste. 230 � Boulder, CO 80302 � July 2009 � TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. v ­ E.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... v ­ E.2 Description of Activities Performed ...................................................................... v ­ E.3 Findings and Recommendations ......................................................................... v i ­ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... ix � 1.1 Project Objectives ............................................................................................... ix ­ 1.2 Overview of Activities Performed .......................................................................... ix ­ 1.3 Document Organization ........................................................................................ x ­ 2 Background ................................................................................................................... xi � 2.1 Overview of Pawnee Nation ................................................................................. x i ­ 2.2 Tribal Energy Vision ........................................................................................... xi i ­ 3 Renewable Energy Resource Development Opportunities ........................................................ xv � 3.1 Biomass ............................................................................................................. xv ­ 3.1.1 Overview of Biomass Resource Types and Assessment Process ............... xv ­ 3.1.2 Data Sources .................................................................................... xvii i ­ 3.1.3 Overview of Biomass Development Potential..........................................x x ­ 3.1.4 Woody Biomass Resources and Opportunities........................................xx i ­ 3.1.5 Agricultural Resources and Opportunities.............................................xx x ­ 3.1.6 Methane Capture..............................................................................xxx v ­ 3.1.7 Summary of Biomass Key Findings and Recommendations ......................xl i ­ 3.2 Solar ........................................................................................................................xli i ­ 3.2 . 1 Data Sources and Resource Availability ...........................................................xli i ­ 3.2.2 Photovoltaics ......................................................................................xli v ­ 3.2.3 Solar Hot Water ................................................................................xli x ­ 3.2.4 Solar Findings and Recommendations ................................................... 53 ­ 3.3 Wind ........................................................................................................................ 54 ­ 3.3 . 1 Data Sources and Resource Availability .......................................................... 54 ­ 3.3.2 System Siting Considerations ............................................................ 57 ­ 3.3.3 Research Methods ............................................................................ 59 ­ 3.3.4 Wind Findings and Recommendations ............................................... 63 ­ 3.4 Hydro Power ........................................................................................................... 64 ­ 3.4 . 1 Data Sources and Resource Availability ...................................................... 64 ­ 3.4.2 Potential for Development ............................................................... 67 ­ 3.4.3 Hydro Findings and Recommendations ............................................ 67 ­ 3.5 Funding Opportunities for Renewable Energy Resource Development .......... 68 ­ 3.5 . 1 Federal Resources .................................................................................... 68 ­ 3.5.2 State Level Resources ..................................................................... 73 ­ 3.5.3 Other Resources ............................................................................. 74 ­ 3.5.4 Funding Opportunity Findings and Recommendations ............................. 75 ­ 3.6 Summary of Renewable Energy Development Opportunities .......................... 76 ­ 4 Energy Efficiency Opportunities .............................................................................. 78 ­ 4 . 1 Overview of Common Energy Efficiency Measures ............................................. 78 � 4.1 . 1 Envelope Measures ........................................................................................ 78 ­ 4.1.2 Lighting ............................................................................................... 79 ­ 4.1.3 Appliances and Electrical Power Systems ............................................... 80 ­ 4.1.4 HVAC Measures .................................................................................. 80 ­ 4.2 Analysis of Potential for Building #64 Air Conditioner Replacement .............. 81 ­ 4.3 Energy Code ...................................................................................................... 82 ­ 4.4 Energy Efficiency Findings and Recommendations .............................................. 83 ­ 5 Overview of Current and Expected Future Electricity Consumption ........................... 84 ­ 5 . 1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 84 � 5.2 Existing Buildings ............................................................................................... 84 ­ 5.3 New Construction .............................................................................................. 87 ­ 5.4 Potential Load Growth ........................................................................................ 89 ­ 5.4 . 1 Existing Construction ....................................................................................... 89 ­ 5.4.2 New Construction ................................................................................. 89 ­ 5.4.3 Findings and Recommendations ............................................................ 91 ­ 6 Electric Utility Issues ................................................................................... 92 ­ 6 . 1 Relevant Utility Background and Framework ...................................................... 92 � 6.2 Relevant Utility Assessment Data ........................................................................ 93 ­ 6.2 . 1 Electric Usage Data ......................................................................................... 93 ­ 6.2.2 Utility Service Area Maps ..................................................................... 93 ­ 6.2.3 Electric Utility Service Options ............................................................. 101 ­ 6.2.4 Electric Utility Options Analysis ............................................................ 109 ­ 6.3 Findings and Recommendations for Review of Utility-Related Issues ......... 112 ­ 7 Findings and Recommendations ........................................................................... 114 ­ 7 . 1 Overall Findings and Recommendations ............................................................ 114 � 7.2 Lessons Learned .............................................................................................. 115 ­ 7.3 Next Steps and Implications for Strategic Energy Plan ....................................... 115 ­ 7.4 ­ Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 116 ­ Appendix A: Biopower Background Information ....................................................... 117 ­ Appendix B: Pellet Stove Manufacturers ................................................................. 121 � Appendix C: Outdoor Wood Boiler Manufacturers ................................................... 122 � Appendix C: Outdoor Wood Boiler Manufacturers ...Error: Reference source not found E EXECUTIVE SUMMARY � E.1 Introduction In 2003, the Pawnee Nation leadership identified the need for the tribe to comprehensively address its energy issues. During a strategic energy planning workshop a general framework was laid out and the Pawnee Nation Energy Task Force was created to work toward further development of the tribe’s energy vision. The overarching goals of the “first steps” project were to identify the most appropriate focus for its strategic energy initiatives going forward, and to provide information necessary to take the next steps in pursuit of the “best fit” energy options. Based on the request of Pawnee Nation’s Energy Task Force the research team, consisting Tribal personnel and Summit Blue Consulting, focused on a review of renewable energy resource development potential, funding sources and utility organizational along with energy savings options. Elements of the energy demand forecasting and characterization and demand side options review remained in the scope of work, but were only addressed at a