Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 2018 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This volume is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. To order additional copies of this publication, please send an e-mail to the Transport Help Desk [email protected] Transport publications are available on-line at http://www.worldbank.org/transport/ Design Cover: Margot Benelli Photo: Sam Zimmerman 2 Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 9 2. Walking and its link to green growth and sustainable development .............................................. 14 Road safety .............................................................................................................................. 14 Social equity ............................................................................................................................ 16 Economic vitality ..................................................................................................................... 17 Personal security ...................................................................................................................... 19 Public health ............................................................................................................................ 20 Climate change mitigation and resilience ................................................................................ 21 3. Planning and designing good walking environments ..................................................................... 24 In the absence of adequate facilities in Gaborone (left) and Lagos (right), pedestrians are forced to walk in uncomfortable and unsafe conditions. ......................................................... 24 Design of the pedestrian environment ..................................................................................... 25 Street design ............................................................................................................................. 29 Building design and land use ................................................................................................... 37 Network design ........................................................................................................................ 41 4. Institutional, policy, and financial frameworks .............................................................................. 47 Institutional and policy frameworks ........................................................................................ 47 Policies and regulations ........................................................................................................... 56 Street management ................................................................................................................... 59 Funding .................................................................................................................................... 64 Examples of cities that have taken the lead on pedestrian mobility ........................................ 67 5. Assessing the walking environment ............................................................................................... 77 Review of walking assessment methodologies ........................................................................ 77 Proposed walking assessment methodology ............................................................................ 79 6. Pilot projects: Developing good practice for better walking environments in five African cities . 83 Assessment findings................................................................................................................. 83 Constraints to a better pedestrian environment ........................................................................ 86 Key actions to improve the pedestrian environment ................................................................ 88 7. Annex ............................................................................................................................................. 93 Resources on pedestrian mobility ............................................................................................ 93 Pedestrian mobility assessments in infrastructure projects ...................................................... 95 Sample scope of work for street design consultants ................................................................ 95 Pedestrian mobility checklist for the design review process ................................................. 103 Glossary ................................................................................................................................. 105 3 Table of Figures Figure 1: Planning and management factors affecting the pedestrian environment. ............................ 10 Figure 2: Fatalities by mode of travel and Who’s at Fault in case of Pedestrian fatalities in Kampala, 2010............................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 3: Modal shares by major city globally, 2011. .......................................................................... 17 Figure 4: Improvements to pedestrian comfort and enjoyment should be layered upon a foundation of basic spaces that are unobstructed, safe, and accessible for all. .................................................... 25 Figure 5: How the design of the physical environment affects pedestrian mobility. ............................ 26 Figure 6: Speed reduction is critical for safe pedestrian environments because the chance of pedestrian death in a collision increases dramatically when vehicle speeds exceed 30 km/h. ....................... 29 Figure 7: All streets require “slow zones,” or safe spaces for pedestrians, whether shared zones (left & right) or segregated footpaths (right). ........................................................................................... 30 Figure 8: Essential design elements for a continuous and unobstructed pedestrian realm. .................. 32 Figure 9: Pedestrian and cycling networks provide direct access to the core of each block, while vehicle access is limited to the perimeter streets. ......................................................................... 43 Figure 10: Regardless of geometric form, a road network should offer a high ratio of intersection nodes to road links to provide convenient access for pedestrians. ................................................ 43 Figure 11: In Abu Dhabi, conceptual designs are evaluated against adopted design standards, including a checklist of mandatory pedestrian elements. .............................................................. 50 Figure 12: Sidewalk design standards in the Tanzania Road Geometric Design Manual contain insufficient detail and fail to reflect design principles such as the sidewalk zoning system. ....... 56 Figure 13: Chicago's Complete Streets Guidelines define a pedestrian-first hierarchy for street design, whereby infrastructure projects must prioritize pedestrian needs above other modes. ................. 57 Figure 14: Delhi’s street design guidelines illustrate how typical intersections found in the city can be transformed through the introduction of safe, accessible crossings. ............................................. 58 Figure 15: In Ahmedabad, Local Area Plans identify where inserting new public streets can reduce block sizes. Accompanying regulations specify how properties can be redeveloped. .................. 59 Figure 16: Parking enforcement in Budapest. ....................................................................................... 60 Figure 17: Example of a data-driven evaluation of a New York City neighborhood traffic calming project. .........................................................................................................................................