African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 7(6), pp. 211-219, 15 February, 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.895 ISSN 1996-0816 © 2013 Academic Journals Review Mesua ferrea L.: A review of the medical evidence for its phytochemistry and pharmacological actions Manoj Kumar Chahar*, Sanjaya Kumar D. S., Geetha L., Lokesh T. and Manohara K. P. Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, B. H. Road, Tumkur- 572 102, Karnataka, India. Accepted 5 November, 2012 The plant kingdom provides many plants with properties which are conducive to health and to secure the best results from the use of the plants as remedial agencies. Mesua ferrea Linn (Nagakesar) is a rare plant which is traditionally being used for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, blood purifier, anthelmintic, cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, antipyretic, purgative, antiasthmatic, antiallergic and several other effects. The scientific screening of the plant confirms its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti- inflammatory, central nervous system (CNS) depressant, analgesic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antineoplastic, antivenom and immunostimulant activity. The phytochemical screening confirms the presence of phenyl coumarins, xanthones, triterpenoids, fats and flavanoids as main constituents responsible for its biological activity. It is a substitute for petroleum gasoline. It is also used in cosmetics, as fire wood and the polymer obtained from seed oil is used in the preparation of resins. The present review summarizes the phyto-pharmacological role of this valuable medicinal plant. Key words: Mesua ferrea, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemical screening, pharmacological activities. INTRODUCTION Ayurveda has related research efforts which have led to is found throughout Southeast Asia in tropical evergreen generation of enormous amount of scientific information forests up to 1,500 m elevation (Dassanayake, 1980). concerning plants, crude plant extracts, and various sub- stances from plants as medicinal agents during last 30 to 40 years. Although herbal medicine has existed since the Distribution dawn of time, our knowledge of how plants actually affect human physiology remains largely unexplored. It is widely distributed in tropical countries like India, The research is going on with a view to provide the Burma, Thailand, Indochina and New Guinea (Kritikar, scientific evidence for the ethnomedical claim and for 1981). In India, it is distributed in the mountains of their clinical application. Mesua is a large genus consis- Eastern Himalaya and East Bengal, Assam, Burma, ting of about 48 species but the extensive research work Andaman, evergreen rain forests of North Canara and has been carried out only on M. ferrea L. This review pro- South Konkan, the Forests of Western Ghats from South vides insight on the phytochemical and pharmacological Canara to Travancore (Anonymous, 2004). profile with other useful information on the plant (Kirtikar, 1935). It is native to tropical Sri Lanka and a state tree of Tripura but it is disappearing from India. M. ferrea L. Botany (Figure 1) is locally known as Cobra’s saffron (English), Nagakeshara (Hindi), Nagasampige (Kannada), Nagakesara is a medium to large sized tree that can Nageshwar (Assam), Nagachampakam (Tamil). The tree attain a height between 18 and 30 m, with reddish-brown to grey colored bark that peels off in thin flakes, the wood is extremely hard. The leaves are simple, lanceolate, acute, and leathery, covered in a waxy bloom below, red *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: when young, oppositely arranged, 7 to 13 cm long by 2 to 9964498676. 4 cm wide. The flowers are white with a floral fragrance, 212 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Figure 1. Mesua ferrea L. (i) Tree; (ii) Fruit; (iii) Leaves; (iv) Flower and; (v) Seeds up to 7.5 cm in diameter, with numerous golden-colored of leaves are used for sore eyes. Kernels are used to stamens shorter than the length of the petals, the style is poultice wounds and in skin eruptions (Burkill, 1966; twice as long as the stamens, borne singly or in pairs, Kumar et al., 2006). Leaf and flower are antidotes for axillary or terminal. The fruits are ovoid with a conical snake bite and scorpion sting. The fixed oil is used for point, 2.5 to 5 cm long; with a woody pericarp that cutaneous infection, sores, scabies, wounds and rheuma- contains one to four seeds (Dassanayake, 1980). tism. The flower is stomachic, expectorant and astringent. The decoction or infusion or tincture of bark and roots is a bitter tonic and useful in gastritis, bronchitis (Sahni, 1998; Uses Husain et al., 1992; Joy et al., 1992; Nadkarni, 1976) and to cure snake bite (Santamaría, 1978). The aerial parts It is known for shade creation and radiation modification are Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) active, spasmolytic, in improving human thermal comfort (Shahidana et al., diuretic, (Husain et al., 1992; Joy et al., 1992), aborti- 2010). The seed oil is substitute for petroleum gasoline, ficient (Nath et al., 1992) and used in fever, dyspepsia, the fraction distilling between 200 and 300°C may be renal disorders and in cosmetics (Kumar et al., 2006). M. used as fuel for diesel engines (Konwer et al., 1984; ferrea is an ingredient of various ayurvedic formulations Kallappa et al., 2003). The polymers obtained from seed like dasamoolarishta (Nishteshwar et al., 2008), oil are used in the preparation of resins (Dutta et al., mahakaleshwara rasa (Das et al., 2001) and in various 2004; Mahapatra et al., 2004, 2007; Dutta et al., 2005, churnas (Sharangadhara, 2000) used to cure many 2006; Das et al., 2010). diseases (Roshy et al., 2010). Some important ayurvedic Aqueous leaf extract was used to prepare silver nano formulations containing M. ferrea are listed in Table 1. An particals (Konwarh et al., 2010). The seeds are brunt like Ayurvedic formulation containing M. ferrea exhibited candles, the wood is used for golf club heads, flowers haemostatic and astringent properties and is particularly and stamens are used to stuff pillows for the bridles bed useful in uterine bleeding (Husain et al., 1992; Joy et al., (Sahni, 1998). 1992). In Unani system, the drug is an ingredient of large number of recipes like, “Jawarish Shehryaran” a stomach and liver tonic, “Hab Pachaluna”, an appetiser, “Halwa-i- TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES supari pack” a general tonic (Joy et al., 1992; Thakur et al., 1989). The plant is used in inflammation and septic conditions (Rai et al., 2000). The tribal’s of Assam use this plant for its antiseptic, purgative, blood purifier, worm control, tonic PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES properties (Parukutty et al., 1984). In Thai traditional Disinfection studies medicine, it is used to treat fever, cold, asthma and as carminative, expectorant, cardiotonic, diuretic and Nahar (M. ferrea) seed kernel oil was investigated for its antipyretic agent (Foundation of Resuscitate and potential as natural disinfectant and disinfection kinetics. Encourage Thai Traditional Medicine, 2005). The ashes Heterotrophic plate count using CFU/ml, pour plate method Chahar et al. 213 Table 1. Ayurvedic formulations containing M. ferrea. Formulation Use Reference Nagakeshara-adi-churna In bacillary dysentery Joy et al. (1998) and Thakur et al. (1989) Nagakeshara yoga In piles Joy et al. (1998) and Thakur et al. (1989) Vyaghrihareetaki avaleha Shwasa, kasa, pinasa Roshy et al. (2010) Eladi churna Carminative, in vomiting, indigestion anorexia Tambekar et al. (2010) In cough, diarrohea, dysentery, mouth Lavangadi churna Tambekar et al. (2010) diseases, dental caries, anemia and fever method at 35°C/48 h, plate count agar were employed to antioxidant activity (Surveswaran et al., 2007). evaluate the disinfection and its kinetics. Oil-water Phomopsis sp. GJJM07 (an endophyte) was isolated emulsion used as test and surface water samples were from M. ferrea and examined for the in vitro antioxidant used for comparison of colonies produced using pour activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay. It showed plate method. The crude oil emulsion showed total dis- potent antioxidant activity with the half maximal inhibitory infection at a concentration of 2 mg/ml and above, while concentration (IC50) value of 31.25 μg/ml compared to the the data generated from the disinfection at 1 mg/ml fits IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid, 11.11 μg/ml first-order model. The study concluded that nahar seed (Jayanthi et al., 2011). kernel oil has a remarkable disinfection potential and the kinetics studies indicated that the oil fitted first-order model with a k value of -0.040 (Adewale et al., 2011). Analgesic activity n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of M. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity ferrea leaves (125 and 250 mg/kg) exhibited significant analgesic activity in acetic acid induced writhing response The methanolic extract of dried flowers of M. ferrea (100 in mouse. The reduction in writhing response for lower and 200 mg/kg) was screened for in vivo antioxidant and dose of above extracts was 36.08, 16.33 and 10.21%, hepatoprotective activity in experimental female Wistar respectively and for higher dose it was 42.21, 19.63 and mice. An artificial infection was induced by administration 17.06%, respectively (Hassan et al., 2006). of S. aureus in drinking water for 24 h at the onset of experiment, sampling was done once a day and after one week. The biochemical parameters Aspartate Antispasmodic activity aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Creatinine phosphorkinase (CPK), Alkaline The petroleum extract of M. ferrea seed oil was evaluated phosphatase (ALKP), Creatinine, Urea, Super oxide for antispasmodic activity on isolated rat ileum in vitro. dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione The contraction of rat ileum was measured on peroxidise (GPX), Glutathione reductase (GR) were mea- kymograph. Acetycholine and Carbachol caused con- sured. There was significant increase in liver SOD and traction of 2.61 and 3.20 cm, respectively. The crude oil AST in treated groups. There was significant reduction in at concentration, which is 1:5 and 1:10, and the normal catalase (CAT), GPX, GR, and ALT activity.