VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS HUMANITARINIŲ MOKSLŲ FAKULTETAS ANGLŲ FILOLOGIJOS KATEDRA Birutė Jurkšaitė ŽANRINĖ IR KALBINĖ CNN IR BBC POKALBIŲ LAIDŲ LYGINAMOJI ANALIZĖ Magistro baigiamasis darbas Taikomosios anglų kalbotyros studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 621Q30002 Filologijos studijų kryptis Vadovė doc. dr. Dalia Masaitienė ____________ _____________ (parašas) (data) Apginta doc. dr. R. Eidukevičienė ____________ _____________ (Fakulteto dekanė) (parašas) (data) Kaunas, 2016 BBC and CNN talk shows from genre and language perspectives By Birutė Jurkšaitė Department of English Philology Vytautas Magnus University Master of Arts Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dalia Masaitienė 12 May 2016 CONTENTS SANTRAUKA ..................................................................................................................................... i SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ ii 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 2 TV TALK SHOWS AS A GENRE .......................................................................................... 3 2.1 Definition of genre ................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Genre analysis and steps in genre analysis ........................................................................... 4 2.3 Characteristics of a TV talk show......................................................................................... 6 2.4 Features of spoken discourse .............................................................................................. 10 2.5 Spoken discourse in relation to gender ............................................................................... 12 3 LANGUAGE AND GENDER ................................................................................................ 15 3.1 The distinction between the terms gender and sex ............................................................. 15 3.2 Early works and stereotypes in the field of language and gender studies .......................... 17 3.3 The deficit, dominance, difference, and dynamic approaches ............................................ 20 3.3.1 The deficit approach .................................................................................................... 20 3.3.2 The dominance approach ............................................................................................. 21 3.3.3 The difference approach .............................................................................................. 22 3.3.4 The dynamic approach................................................................................................. 24 4 THE MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 26 5 A COMPARISON OF TWO TV TALK SHOWS AMANPOUR AND HARDTALK SITUATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................. 27 5.1 Analysis of TV talk shows Amanpour and HARDtalk ....................................................... 27 5.2 Situational characteristics of the TV talk show Amanpour ................................................ 28 5.3 Structural moves in the TV talk show Amanpour ............................................................... 30 5.4 Situational characteristics of the TV talk show HARDtalk ................................................. 31 5.5 Structural moves in the TV talk show HARDtalk ............................................................... 33 5.6 The similarities and differences of the Amanpour and HARDtalk TV talk shows ............. 34 6 LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TV TALK SHOW AMANPOUR ............ 35 6.1 The number of questions and turns ..................................................................................... 36 6.2 Forms of address ................................................................................................................. 37 6.3 Lexical hedges and fillers ................................................................................................... 38 6.4 Intensifying committers and intensifiers ............................................................................. 40 6.5 Interruptions ........................................................................................................................ 42 6.6 Adjectives ........................................................................................................................... 43 7 LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TV TALK SHOW HARDTALK ............. 45 7.1 The number of questions and turns ..................................................................................... 46 7.2 Forms of address ................................................................................................................. 47 7.3 Lexical hedges and fillers ................................................................................................... 48 7.4 Intensifying committers and intensifiers ............................................................................. 50 7.5 Interruptions ........................................................................................................................ 51 7.6 Adjectives ........................................................................................................................... 52 8 LINGUISTIC SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TV TALK SHOWS AMANPOUR AND HARDTALK .................................................................................................... 54 9 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 57 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 60 APPENDIX A: Situational characteristics of registers and genres (Biber 2009 :41)....................... 64 APPENDIX B: The situational characteristics of two Amanpour transcripts .................................. 65 APPENDIX C: The situational characteristics of two HARDtalk transcripts .................................. 66 APPENDIX D: AMANPOUR. Transcript #1. Interview with Medina-Mora and Morris ................ 67 APPENDIX E: AMANPOUR. Transcript #2. Interview with Pillay and Norfolk ............................ 73 APPENDIX F: HARDtalk. Transcript #1. Interview with Catherine McCartney ............................ 78 APPENDIX G: HARDtalk. Transcript #2: Interview with Dimitris Avramopoulos ....................... 83 List of tables Table 2. 1 Bhatia’s (1993) 7 steps in genre analysis .......................................................................... 5 Table 2. 2 Biber and Conrad’s (2009) suggestions for genre analysis ............................................... 5 Table 2. 3 Characteristic features of talk shows (Ilie 2006) ............................................................... 7 Table 2. 4 The main situational characteristics of TV talk shows ..................................................... 8 Table 2. 5 Five criteria to identify and distinguish various talk shows formats (Ilie 2006) ............... 9 Table 2. 6 Typical and not typical characteristics of the spoken discourse based on Biber et al. (1999) ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Table 2. 7 Distribution of tag questions (based on Holmes 1984: 54, cited in Holmes 1995: 83) .. 14 Table 3. 1 Differences between men’s and women’s language (Maltz and Borker 1982: 418)…...22 Table 5. 1 Situational characteristics of the TV talk show Amanpour……………………………..29 Table 5. 2 The situational characteristics of the TV talk show HARDtalk ...................................... 31 Table 5. 3 Differences of TV talk shows HARDtalk and Amanpour ............................................... 34 Table 6. 1 The number of questions and the number of turns in the TV talk show Amanpour…….36 Table 6. 2 Forms of address in the TV talk show Amanpour ........................................................... 37 Table 6. 3 Lexical hedges or fillers in the TV talk show Amanpour ............................................... 39 Table 6. 4 Intensifying committers and intensifiers in TV talk show Amanpour ............................ 41 Table 6. 5 Instances of interruptions in the TV talk show Amanpour.............................................. 42 Table 6. 6 Adjectives in the TV talk show Amanpour ..................................................................... 44 Table 7. 1 Number of questions and number of turns in the TV talk show HARDtalk……………46 Table 7. 2 Forms of address in the TV talk show HARDtalk ........................................................... 47 Table 7. 3 Hedges and fillers in the TV talk show HARDtalk ......................................................... 49 Table 7. 4 Intensifying committers and intensifiers in TV talk show HARDtalk ............................ 50 Table 7. 5 Instances of interruptions in the TV talk show HARDtalk .............................................. 51 Table 7. 6 Adjectives in the TV talk show HARtalk ........................................................................ 53 List of figures Figure 5. 1 The structure of the TV talk show Amanpour ............................................................