University of St.Gallen Master of Arts in International Affairs and Governance Master Thesis Involving the diaspora for development Present and potential contribution for cooperation with SDC in the case of Tunisia Supervisor: Urs Heierli, Ph. D. May 23, 2016 Andrea Courtin 08-603-219 Roterturmstrasse 11 7000 Chur [email protected] Andrea Courtin Involving the diaspora for development Abstract By transferring money, investing, founding philanthropic organizations or introducing new competences and ideas, diasporas can contribute to the development of their country of origin. Their contributions can support, complement or expand governmental development cooperation. This master thesis deals with the present and potential contribution of the Tunisian diaspora in Switzerland to the socio-economic development of Tunisia. It analyzes how the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC) is supporting these efforts and what could be done to further increase the impact on the development of Tunisia. This thesis first provide s a theoretical overview of the concepts of migration and development, defines the relevant terms and discusses the numerous ways these concept are influencing each other. A theoretical framework for the engagement of diasporas is presented. Then the situation in Switzerland and Tunisia regarding international migration is analyzed, with a particular focus on the Tunisian diaspora in Switzerland and its contributions to the development of its country of origin. Finally, the present commitment of the SDC for diaspora engagement in Tunisia is discussed. [ii] Andrea Courtin Involving the diaspora for development Table of Content Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vii 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Diaspora and development – theoretical approach ............................................................. 2 2.1. Migration ...................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1. Patterns of migration and relevant terms .............................................................. 3 2.1.2. Diaspora ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.3. Consequences of migration.................................................................................... 8 2.2. International development, development cooperation and the SDC ............................11 2.3. Relation between migration and development ............................................................13 2.3.1. Diaspora as an actor of development ....................................................................13 2.3.2. Development cooperation and Diaspora – theoretical approach...........................20 2.3.3. Development cooperation and Diaspora – international examples .......................25 3. A closer look at migration: Switzerland and Tunisia ...........................................................29 3.1. Immigration in Switzerland ..........................................................................................29 3.1.1. Pull factors............................................................................................................29 3.1.2. Entry requirements ...............................................................................................30 3.1.3. Naturalization .......................................................................................................30 3.1.4. Asylum..................................................................................................................31 3.1.5. Irregular Migration ...............................................................................................31 3.1.6. Politics and migration policy .................................................................................32 3.2. Emigration from Tunisia ...............................................................................................33 3.2.1. Push factors ..........................................................................................................34 3.2.2. Evolution of Tunisian emigration...........................................................................35 3.2.3. Remittances..........................................................................................................38 3.2.4. Tunisian Diaspora .................................................................................................39 3.3. Migration and Tunisian diaspora in Switzerland ...........................................................40 3.3.1. Tunisian migration to Switzerland .........................................................................41 [iii] Andrea Courtin Involving the diaspora for development 3.3.2. Swiss migration policy towards Tunisians..............................................................44 3.3.3. Tunisian diaspora in Switzerland (TDS) ..................................................................44 3.3.4. Relation to country of origin and potential for diaspora engagement ...................47 4. SDC and diaspora engagement in Tunisia ...........................................................................57 4.1. Communauté Tunisienne Résidente en Suisse pour le Développement (CTRS) .............57 4.1.1. Institutional cooperation ......................................................................................58 4.1.2. Initiatives for development ...................................................................................59 4.1.3. Transfer of competences ......................................................................................59 4.1.4. Agreement on exchange of young professionals ...................................................60 4.1.5. Micro projects.......................................................................................................60 4.2. Analysis and recommendations....................................................................................62 5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................66 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................69 Declaration of Authorship ..........................................................................................................81 [iv] Andrea Courtin Involving the diaspora for development Abbreviations ACIM .................Agence pour la Coopération Internationale et le développement locale en Méditerranée (Agency for international cooperation and local development in the Mediterranean) ADTE .................Association tunisienne de Défense des Tunisiens à l'Étranger (Tunisian association for the defense of Tunisians abroad) ATTS ................. Association des Tunisiens et des Tunisiennes en Suisse (Associations of Tunisians in Switzerland) BFM ..................Bundesamt für Migration (Federal Office for Migration) BFS ....................Bundesamt für Statistik (Federal Statistical Office) CETUMA ........... Centre de Tunis pour la Migration et l'Asile (Tunisian Centre for Migration and Asylum) CHF …................ Swiss franc CIM ...................Centre for International Migration and Development CTRS ................. Communauté Tunisienne Résidente en Suisse pour le Développement (Tunisian Community Residing in Switzerland for Development) CTS ....................Communauté Tunisienne en Suisse (Tunisian Community in Switzerland) ECOSOC ............ United Nations Economic and Social Council EEA ….................European Economic Area EFTA ................. European Free Trade Association EPFL ..................Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne EU .....................European Union EUMC ............... European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia FDA ...................French Development Agency FDFA .................Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDI ....................Foreign direct investment Fedpol ...............Federal Office of Police GDP .................. Gross domestic product GFMD ............... Global Forum on Migration and Development [v] Andrea Courtin Involving the diaspora for development GI) …................. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Development Agency) IDEA ..................International Diaspora Engagement Alliance IOM .................. International Organization for Migration KNOMAD .......... Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development LTTE …............... Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ODA ..................Official development assistance OECD ................ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OTE ...................Offie des Tuisies a lEtage (Office of Tunisians Abroad) PKK ................... Kudista Wokes Pat SDC ...................Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SEM ……………..... Staatssekretariat für Migration (State Secretariat for Migration) SERV ................