Strengthening Monitoring, Control and Surveillance in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction Options for Underpinning a Strong Global BBNJ Agreement through Regional and Sectoral Governance Strengthening Monitoring, Control and Surveillance in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction CitationCitation Cremers, K., Wright, G., Rochette, J., “Strengthening Monitoring, Control and Surveillance in AreasGjerde, Beyond K., Boteler, National B., Durussel, Jurisdiction”, C., Rochette, STRONG J., Unger, High SeasS., Wright‚ Project, G., 2020.‘Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Options for Underpinning a Strong Global BBNJ Agreement through Regional Authors and Sectoral Governance’, STRONG High Seas Project, 2018. Klaudija Cremers, Research Fellow, International Ocean Governance, InstituteAuthors for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) Glen Wright, Senior Research Fellow, International Ocean Governance, Kristina Gjerde, Senior High Seas Policy Advisor, Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Dr. Julien Rochette, Ocean Programme Director, InstituteBen Boteler for ,Sustainable Co-Lead STRONG Development High Seas, and International Relations (IDDRI) Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) AcknowledgementsDr. Carole Durussel, Co-Lead STRONG High Seas, TheInstitute authors for Advancedwish to thank Sustainability the following Studies people (IASS) for their invaluable input and feedback: FranciscoDr. Julien BlahaRochette (Consultant),, Ocean Programme Catherine Director, Blanchard (Utrecht University), Ben Boteler (Institute forInstitute Advanced for Sustainable Sustainability Development Studies), Dr.and Carole International Durussel Relations (Institute (IDDRI) for Advanced Sustainability Studies), Samantha Emmert (Global Fishing Watch), Adriana Fabra (International MCS Network),Sebastian AndrewUnger, Lead, Friedman Ocean (Pew Governance Charitable Research, Trusts), Kristina Gjerde (IUCN Global Marine andInstitute Polar for Program), Advanced Carolina Sustainability Hazin Studies(Birdlife (IASS) International), Peter Horn (Pew Charitable Trusts), Julian Jackson (Pew Charitable Trusts), Tim Packeiser (WWF Germany), Mercedes RoselloGlen Wright (House, Research of Ocean), Fellow, Ross International Wanless (Birdlife Ocean International), Governance, Robin Warner (University of Wollongong).Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) The authors also wish to thank the participants of three MCS expert workshops on Design and Layout technological tools (Paris, July 2018), policy options (Paris, April 2019) and regional cooperation inSabine the Southeast Zentek Pacific (Guayaquil, November 2019) as well as participants to the MCS session during the Marine Regions Forum in Berlin (October/November 2019).* Editing DesignBen Boteler, and LayoutCarole Durussel and Nicole Wienrich, IASS Alain Chevallier Supported by: based on a decision of the German Bundestag The STRONG High Seas project is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI; www. international-climate-initiative.com/en/).The STRONG High Seas project is part of the The International Federal Ministry Climate for Initiative the Environment, Nature Conservation(IKI; www.international-climate-initiative.com/en/). and Nuclear Safety (BMU) supports The this Federal initiative Ministry based for on the a decision adopted byEnvironment, the German Nature Bundestag. Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. The STRONG High Seas project contributes to the work of the Partnership for Regional Ocean Governance (PROG), a partnership hosted by UN Environment, the Institute for Advanced © STRONG High Seas 2018. STRONG High Seas, an independent scientific project, Sustainability Studies (IASS), the Institute for Sustainable Development and International is responsible for the content of this publication. This policy brief does not necessarily Relations (IDDRI), and TMG – Think Tank for Sustainability. reflect the views of the funding agencies. © STRONG High Seas 2020. STRONG High Seas, an independent scientific project, is www.prog-ocean.org/our-work/strong-high-seas/ responsible for the content of this publication. This report does not necessarily reflect the viewsDOI: 10.2312/iass.2018.015 of the funding agencies. www.prog-ocean.org/our-work/strong-high-seas/ © Cover Photo: Thierry Meier (219007)/Unsplash © Cover Photo: Matt Howard (248418)/Unsplash 2 * Short summaries are available at https://www.prog-ocean.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/MCS-Workshop-I-summary-final.pdf, https://www.prog-ocean. org/blog/2019/05/15/second-expert-workshop-on-monitoring-control-and-surveillance-in-areas-beyond-national-jurisdiction/; https://www.prog-ocean.org/ blog/2019/11/20/strong-high-seas-expert-workshop-on-strengthening-monitoring-control-and-surveillance-mcs-in-the-southeast-pacific/#more-1798 and https://www.prog-ocean.org/blog/2019/10/01/first-marine-regions-forum-develops-solutions-for-ocean-health/#more-1782. Table of contents Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Résumé analytique .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Resumen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 2. Legal framework ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.1. High seas fishing .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Treaty law ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 “Soft law” instruments ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 2.2. Shipping and navigation ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3. Seabed minerals ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 3. MCS tools ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 4. State of play and ongoing initiatives ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.1. Fisheries ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24 RFMOs .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 International MCS platforms and networks ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Fisheries improvement projects ...................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Civil society initiatives .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 4.2. Oil pollution ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 5. Challenges for effective MCS