WHITE PAPER REPORT (DRAFT): Development of a Waste-to-Energy Project for the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska Geosyntec Project Number: ME1784 9 September 2019 CONFIDENTIAL – FOR DISCUSSION ONLY PREPARED AT THE REQUEST OF CLIENT Prepared by: Prepared for: Geosyntec Consultants 4101 Arctic Boulevard, Suite 206 Anchorage, Alaska 99503 United States of America StreamlineAM, LLC Solid Waste Services 1111 E 56th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99518 Prepared for: Solid Waste Services 1111 E 56th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99518 White Paper Report (Draft): Development of a Waste-to-Energy Project for the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska Prepared by: 4101 Arctic Boulevard, Suite 206 Anchorage, Alaska 99503 United States of America Prepared for: StreamlineAM, LLC Geosyntec Project Number: ME1784 9 September 2019 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................... 6 DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................ 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Terms of Reference ................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Project Understanding ............................................................................................... 11 1.3 Background and Motivation ...................................................................................... 11 2. WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ................................................. 12 2.1 The Status of the WTE Industry Worldwide .............................................................. 12 2.1.1 United States and Canada .............................................................................. 12 2.1.2 Europe ........................................................................................................... 15 2.1.3 China ............................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Criteria and Assumptions for Technology Selection .................................................. 18 2.3 Mass Burn WTE Technology .................................................................................... 19 2.4 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Systems ......................................................................... 22 2.4.1 Processing Systems ........................................................................................ 22 2.5 Emerging Waste Conversion Technologies................................................................ 24 2.5.1 Summary of Technologies ............................................................................. 25 2.5.2 Microwaves ................................................................................................... 30 2.6 Evaluation ................................................................................................................. 30 3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND PERMITTING CONSIDERATIONS ..................................... 32 3.1 Environmental Benefits ............................................................................................. 32 3.2 Odor and Dust Management ...................................................................................... 34 3.3 Air Emissions Control and Monitoring ...................................................................... 34 3.4 Ash Management ...................................................................................................... 35 3.5 Wastewater ............................................................................................................... 35 3.6 Permitting Requirements ........................................................................................... 36 3.6.1 Compliance Monitoring ................................................................................. 39 3.6.2 Operating Standards....................................................................................... 40 3.6.3 Overview of Permitting Process ..................................................................... 41 3.7 Other Plans................................................................................................................ 42 3.7.1 Solid Waste Master Plan ................................................................................ 42 3.7.2 Climate Action Plan ....................................................................................... 43 Draft White Paper Report 3 September 2019 4. WASTE STREAM AND WASTESHED ANALYSIS ....................................................... 44 4.1 Wasteshed ................................................................................................................. 44 4.2 Population in Market Area ........................................................................................ 45 4.3 Waste Generation ...................................................................................................... 46 4.3.1 Solid Waste ................................................................................................... 46 4.3.2 Biosolids........................................................................................................ 47 4.4 Solid Waste Composition .......................................................................................... 48 4.5 WTE Plant Sizing ...................................................................................................... 49 4.6 Heating Value ........................................................................................................... 50 4.7 Existing Waste Management System ......................................................................... 51 4.7.1 Collection ...................................................................................................... 51 4.7.2 Recycling ...................................................................................................... 52 4.7.3 Transfer ......................................................................................................... 53 4.7.4 Landfill Disposal ........................................................................................... 54 5. ENERGY AND MATERIAL MARKETS ......................................................................... 55 5.1 Establishing Boundary Conditions for Analysis ......................................................... 55 5.2 Status of the Electricity Market ................................................................................. 56 5.2.1 Renewable Energy ......................................................................................... 56 5.3 Potential Feed in Tariffs for a Proposed WTE Facility ............................................... 57 5.4 Electrical Interconnect Requirements ........................................................................ 58 5.5 Preliminary Estimate of Energy Production ............................................................... 58 6. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES .................................................................... 60 6.1 Input Assumptions and Elements ............................................................................... 60 6.1.1 Operating Revenues ....................................................................................... 60 6.1.2 Waste Flow .................................................................................................... 61 6.1.3 Waste Composition and Btu Value of Incoming Waste Stream ...................... 61 6.1.4 Capital Costs ................................................................................................. 61 6.1.5 Cost of Debt .................................................................................................. 61 6.1.6 Inflation Rate ................................................................................................. 62 6.1.7 Gross Electrical Generation ........................................................................... 62 6.1.8 Internal Use of Electricity .............................................................................. 62 6.1.9 Net Electrical Energy Generation ................................................................... 62 6.1.10 Average Electrical Energy Sales Price ........................................................... 62 6.1.11 Ferrous Metal Recovery Rate ......................................................................... 62 6.1.12 Non-Ferrous Metal Recovery Rate ................................................................. 62 6.1.13 Potable Water Cost ........................................................................................ 63 6.1.14 Wastewater Disposal/Treatment Cost ............................................................. 63 Draft White Paper Report 4 September 2019 6.1.15 Bottom Ash Recycling Rate ........................................................................... 63 6.1.16 WTE Operation and Management Cost (Year 1) ............................................ 64 6.1.17 Electrical Interconnection Costs ..................................................................... 64 6.1.18 Site Acquisition Cost ..................................................................................... 64 6.1.19 County