FREE EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 2016-2017 49TH EDITION PDF Steven A Leibo | 9781475829068 | | | | | Asia news - breaking news, video, headlines and opinion - CNN Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is the southeastern region of Asiaconsisting of the regions that are geographically south of Chinaeast of the Indian subcontinent and north-west of Australia. The region is the only part of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemispherealthough the majority of it is in the Northern Hemisphere. In contemporary definition, Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:. The region lies near the intersection of geological plateswith both heavy seismic and volcanic activities. The Sunda Plate is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Laos, northern Vietnam, and northern Luzon of the Philippines. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, and peninsular Malaysia are part of the Alpide beltwhile the islands of the Philippines are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Southeast Asia covers about 4. Its total population is more than million, about 8. The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by Europeans as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. In the 20th century, however, the term became more restricted to territories of the former French Indochina Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as the Malay Archipelagoa term derived from the European concept of a Malay race. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia. However, by the late s, a roughly standard usage of the term "Southeast Asia" and the territories it encompasses had emerged. Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea. Mainland Southeast Asia includes:. Maritime Southeast Asia includes:. The eastern half of Indonesia and East Timor east of the Wallace Line are considered to be biogeographically part of Oceania Wallacea due to their distinctive faunal features. New Guinea and its surrounding islands are geologically considered as a part of the Australian continentconnected via the Sahul Shelf. The region was already inhabited by Homo erectus from approximately 1, years ago during the Middle Pleistocene age. In the late Neolithicthe Austronesian peopleswho form the majority of the modern population in Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, and the Philippines, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan in the first seaborne human migration known as the Austronesian Expansion. The Austronesian peoples of Southeast Asia have been seafarers for thousands of years. They spread eastwards to Micronesia and East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 49th editionas well as westwards to Madagascarbecoming the ancestors of modern-day Malagasy peopleMicronesiansMelanesiansand Polynesians. Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History about Chryse and Argyretwo legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their vessels, such as the vintawere capable to sail across ocean. Magellan's voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships. Studies presented by HUGO Human Genome Organization through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia, show empirically that there was a single migration event from Africa, whereby the early people travelled along the south coast of Asia, first entered the Malay peninsula 50,—90, years ago. The Orang Asli, in particular the Semang who show Negrito characteristics, are the direct descendants of these earliest settlers of Southeast Asia. These early people diversified and travelled slowly northwards to China, and the populations of Southeast Asia show greater genetic diversity than the younger population of China. Solheim and others have shown evidence for a Nusantao maritime trading network ranging from Vietnam to the rest of the archipelago as early as BC East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 49th edition 1 AD. Its influence East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 49th edition to other parts Southeast Asia. Most Southeast Asian people were originally animistengaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by Hinduism and Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contacts with Indian subcontinent during the 1st century. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of Indianisation in the region. It then spread into Southeast Asia via Bay of BengalIndochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in the region. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. Mahayana Buddhism established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to Nalanda. The spread of these two Indian religions confined the adherents of Southeast Asian indigenous beliefs into remote inland areas. Maluku Islands and New Guinea were never Indianised and its native people were predominantly animists until the 15th century when Islam began to spread in those areas. After the region came under contacts with Indian subcontinent circa BCE, it began a gradual process of Indianisation where Indian ideas such as religions, cultures, architectures and political administrations were brought by traders and religious figures and adopted by local rulers. In turn, Indian Brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions. The first Indian-influenced polities established in the region were the Pyu city-states that already existed circa 2nd century BCE, located in inland Myanmar. It served as an overland trading hub between India and China. It became the dominant trading power in mainland Southeast Asia for about five centuries, provided passage for Indian and Chinese goods and assumed authority over the flow of commerce through Southeast Asia. By the 5th century CE, trade networking between East and West was concentrated in the maritime route. Foreign East and Southeast Asia 2016- 2017 49th edition were starting to use new routes such as Malacca and Sunda Strait due to the development of maritime Southeast Asia. This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as SrivijayaTarumanagaraand Medang emerged. Srivijaya especially became the dominant maritime power for more than 5 centuries, controlling both Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait. Many of the surviving examples of the Hindu cultural influence found today throughout Southeast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions. The empire's capital Angkor hosts majestic monuments—such as Angkor Wat and Bayon. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak, was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world. The Vietnamese launched a massive conquest against the Cham people during the Vietnamese invasion of Champaransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 49th edition people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture. During the 13th century CE, the region experienced Mongol invasionsaffected areas such as Vietnamese coast, inland Burma and Java. Myinsaing Kingdom became the real ruler of Central Burma and challenged the Mongol rule. This resulted in the second Mongol invasion of Burma inwhich was repulsed by Myinsaing. Singhasari rejected the proposal and injured the envoys, enraged the Mongols and made them sent a large invasion fleet to Java. Unbeknownst to them, Singhasari collapsed in due to a revolt by East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 49th edition, one of its vassals. When the Mongols arrived in Java, a local prince named Raden Wijaya offered his service to assist the Mongols in punishing Kadiri. After Kadiri was defeated, Wijaya turned on his Mongol allies, ambushed their invasion fleet and forced them to immediately leave Java. Majapahit would soon grew into a regional power. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wurukwhose reign from to marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern Malay PeninsulaBorneoSumatraand Bali came under its influence. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of SulawesiMalukuand some areas of western New Guinea and southern Philippinesmaking it one of the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history. Majapahit then collapsed around It was the last major Hindu kingdom and the last regional power in the region before the arrival of the Europeans. Islam began to make contacts with Southeast Asia in the 8th-century CE, when East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 49th edition Umayyads established trade with the region via sea routes. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram Kedah ; the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became