Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative Policies and Strategies to Address the Vulnerability of Pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa Nikola Rass A Living from Livestock PPLPI Working Paper No. 37 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ v 1. Executive Summary .............................................................................................. 1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 1 Pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa............................................................................. 1 The Vulnerability of Pastoral Livelihoods .................................................................... 2 Risk Management Policies/Strategies ......................................................................... 2 Diversification and Exit Strategies ............................................................................ 4 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................... 5 2. Introduction and Rationale ..................................................................................... 6 3. Pastoralism in East and West Africa........................................................................... 7 3.1 Definition of Pastoralism/Agro-Pastoralism ............................................................. 7 3.2 Number of Pastoralists/Agro-Pastoralists, Livestock Numbers and Meat Production............. 9 3.3 Number of Poor Pastoralists/Agro-pastoralists ........................................................13 4. The Vulnerability of Pastoral Livelihoods ...................................................................16 4.1 Pastoral Assets and their Combination to Livelihood Strategies ....................................17 4.2 Pastoral Vulnerability......................................................................................21 5. Risk Management Policies / Strategies ......................................................................31 5.1 Pastoral Risk Management Strategies ...................................................................31 5.2 Public Risk Management Policies and Strategies ......................................................34 6. Diversification and Exit Strategies ...........................................................................64 6.1 Traditional Income Diversification Strategies..........................................................64 6.2 Policies / Strategies to Facilitate the Engagement of Pastoral People in Alternative Income Generating Activities ...........................................................................................65 7. Conclusions and Recommendations ..........................................................................68 References...........................................................................................................73 Annexes Annexes ..............................................................................................................94 Annex 1: Agro-ecological zones in which pastoralists and agro-pastoralists prevail .................94 Annex 2: Number of ‘livestock-only rangeland-based production systems’ (LG) by geographic region (million) ......................................................................................94 Annex 3: List of countries by geographic region ...........................................................95 Annex 4: Estimated number of livestock in pastoral/agro-pastoral production systems and their percentage in the total number of livestock....................................................96 Annex 5: Estimates of national meat production by livestock production system....................97 Annex 6: Approaches to estimate the numbers of poor in ‘livestock-only grassland-based production systems’.................................................................................99 Annex 7: Examples of wealth group information...........................................................99 i Table of Contents Figures Figure 1: Estimated number of poor livestock keepers by livestock production system and region. 14 Figure 2: Regional distribution of the world’s poor pastoralists. ..........................................14 Figure 3: Poverty incidence of pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa.........................................15 Figure 4: The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach..............................................................16 Figure 5: Sources of cash and sources of food of different pastoral livelihoods ........................19 Figure 6: Drought and Famine in Africa 1971-2000...........................................................22 Figure 7: Terms of trade for rice, local or export goat, and labour, Somalia 1998-2004. .............23 Figure 8: Live Sheep Exports from the Greater Horn of Africa to the Gulf Countries ..................25 Figure 9: Drought phases based on forage & livestock production and livestock & grain prices. ....34 Figure 10: Relationship between agro-ecology and socio-economic patterns. ...........................54 Tables Table 1: Characteristics of Pastoral Situations. ............................................................... 8 Table 2: Estimated number of pastoralists/agro-pastoralists in the different geographic regions (see Annex 3 for a list of countries within region). .....................................................10 Table 3: Estimated total and proportional meat production from pastoral/agro-pastoral systems in West and East Africa (2002)...........................................................................13 Table 4: Estimates of minimum Tropical Livestock Units(TLUs*) needed for viable herd size supporting a typical pastoral household ...........................................................18 Table 5: Milk output from mobile and sedentary herds, Southern Sudan. ...............................20 Table 6: Categorization of risks. ................................................................................21 Table 7: Conducive and Proximate Causes for Conflicts between Herders, Farmers and Conservationists.........................................................................................29 Table 8: Phases in the drought cycle and related activities................................................35 Table 9: Responsibility, scope, management and state of national disaster preparedness policy in the Greater Horn of Africa. ...........................................................................37 Table 10: Legal recognition of community-based animal health workers.................................44 Table 11: Comparison of land right legislation for pastoral development in West Africa. .............56 Table 12: Global organizations / alliances for pastoralist. ..................................................62 Table 13: International declarations and commitments for pastoralists. .................................63 Maps Map 1: Main Species and Migration Patterns in Different Pastoral Regions ............................... 9 Map 2: Estimated number and percentage of pastoral/agro-pastoral people in West and East Africa . ...........................................................................................................11 Map 3: Estimated number and proportion of cattle in pastoral/agro-pastoral production systems in West and East Africa.....................................................................................12 Map 4: Estimated number and proportion of sheep and goats in pastoral/agro-pastoral production systems in West and East Africa .......................................................................12 ii Table of Contents Boxes Box 1: The Turkana Livestock Early Warning System. .......................................................35 Box 2: Support of Marketing during Drought. .................................................................39 Box 3: Cow-calf Camps on private Ranches. ..................................................................40 Box 4: Feed Subsidies combined with De-stocking ...........................................................40 Box 5: Division of public and private Responsibilities .......................................................42 Box 6: The Health for Nomads Programme in Chad..........................................................45 Box 7: The Kenya Livestock Marketing Council. ..............................................................48 Box 8: The Marsabit Market Information Programme (GTZ-MDP). .........................................49 Box 9: Amboseli National Park, Kenya. ........................................................................51 Box 10: Components of the Keysite Management Model. ....................................................52 Box 11: Customary and transformed Land Use Rights in the Borana Plateau.............................54 Box 12: Establishing Platforms for Negotiation and Conflict Resolution...................................57 Box 13: The Pastoral Communities Harmonization Initiative in the Karamojong Cluster...............58 Box 14: Pastoral Development in Wajir District (Kenya). ....................................................60 Box 15: FARM-Africa Pastoral Development Project. .........................................................66