National Library Bibliotheque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibfiographic Services Branch des services bitliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ortavda, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) KIA ON4 KIA ON4 You It:@ Volrr rClt!!r@n~e NOTICE AVlS The quality of this microform is La qualit6 de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the depend grandement de la qualite quality of the original thesis de la thke soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has beer? made to fait pour assurer une qualitd - ensure the highest quality of superieure de reproduction. reproduction possibie. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec I'universite degree. qui a confer6 le grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualite d'irnpression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser a pages were typed with a poor desirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont 6te university sent us an inferior dactylographiees a I'aide d'un photocopy. ruban use ou si I1universit6nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de - qualite inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, rnBme partielle, this microform is gcverned by de cette miersforrne est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, ii la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subsequents. A PEOPLE WITH HISTORY: ACCULTURATION AND RESISTANCE IN KIMSQUIT Paul Prince B.Sc. (Honours), Trent University, 1987 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Archaeology @~aulPrince SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY April, 1992 A1 1 rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. National L~brary Bibliotheque nsionale 195 of Camda du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et f3ibliogfaphic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellinglon Street 395, rue Wel!mgton Ottawa. Ontario Ottawa (Ontarlo! 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ISBN 0-315-78213-7 APPROVAL NAME: Paul Harvey Prince DECREE: Master of Arts (Archaeology) TITLE OF THESIS: A People with History: Acculturation and Resistance in Kimsquit EXAMINING COMMITTEE: Chairman: Tack D. Nance Philip MP Associat ofessor Senior Supervisor Robin Fish6 External Examiner Professor History Department, S.F.U. / I ,Ti, * t DATE APPROVED: - L~?&L?_~_c_- - -13 , -/;-is2 -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Sirnor; Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay A PEOPLE WITH HISTORY: ACCULTURATION AND RESISTANCE IN KIMSQUIT - Author: (signature) Paul Prince (name) April 14, 1992 (date) iii ABSTRACT This thesis is a study of the process of acculturation among the K~msquitBeila Coola. It combines an examination of written documents witk the analysis of archaeological material from four Kirnsquit zrchaeologica! sites that show a sequence of relatively sho~toccupations spanning the late prehistoric through historic periods. The results of the study are as follows. Written records Sndicate that direct contact with Europeans was infrequent and unobtrusive until the 1870's with little visible impact upon lifeways or values. Attempts at directed change by colonial powers beginning in the iast quarter of the nineteenth century were met witk selective resistance. Resistance may have carried through to the 1920's when Kimsquit was abandoned. The analysis of the material assemblage shows the gradual incorporation and modification of European items into the indigenous cultural matrix and the retention of much of indigenous material culture until the mid 1800's. In the late nineteenth century Euro- American gocds almost completely replaced indigenous materials and focally modified trade goods. Many of those goods involved the adoption of Euro-AmerScan practices ii.e. hunting, clothing and building methds) and the loss of traditional craft skills ti.e. lithic technology) buS most have ambiguous functions and may have saen uniquely Native usages. Archival documents indicate that European items were easi7y 1 v acquired at local fish cannery stores by the end of the cet~tury and were adopted for their convenience and prestige, but st111 many Euro-American values remained actively resisted. In the iatter respect the thesis counters the tendency to think of Native societies as static or passive recipients of European traits. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I Acknowledgements are due to several individuals for aid in the preparatton of this thesis. A larye debt of gratitude is owed to senior supervisor Philip Hobler who directed my atte~2tionto the Kimsquit material, openly made availeble the archzeological collection, field records and several archival sources, and provided lab space for conducting the analysis. Ph~lalso provided technical assistance with the artifact photographs, contributed the excavation and archival photographs and was on encouraging and pragmakic editcr. Appreciation is also extended to cornmitt-ee member Roy Carlson for his encouragement and personal insight-s on the thesis problem. The technical advice of John Breffit on the analysis cf lithic materZa1 is also appreciated. Randy Bouchard provided several of the archival references. Greg Sullivan directed my attention to several useful references in the archaeological literature. Yvonne Marshall's enthusiasm for the thesls project was very encouraging. Patricia Austin patiently gave many impromptu word processing lessons and so?ved several formatting problems at crucial moments. Heather Pratt and Matti Niit graciously zllowed me to take over their study for printing the final draft. A final word of thanks is due to Lisa Rankin for her constant encouragement and support and the insights gained from her during many late night debates on culture contact. viii APPENDIX 7 ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS ..........................211 REFERENCES CITED ........................................... 286 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Population Data .................................... 61 Table 2 Proportions of Major Artifact Classes in Study ....€55 Table 3 Inventory of Datable Items .......................112 Table 4 Artifact Types at Central Coast Sites ............ 130 Table 5 Artifacts of Local Material and Native .........Workmanship.............................Workmanship.............................Workmanship.............................Workmanship.............................Workmanship..................................................... Workmanship .........Workmanship.............................Workmanship.............................Workmanship.............................Workmanship.............................Workmanship..................................................... 134 Table 6 Distribution of Debitage at Sites in Study .......136 Table 7 Frequency of Artifact Categories per bevel at Axeti .,.................n..-..................,..137 Table 8 Frequency of Artifact Categories per Levei at Nutsqwalt .......,...........................~+....l4G Frequency of Artifact Categories per Level at Nutal ....................................eB.~.....143 Table 10 Artifacts of Euro-American Material and Native Manufacture ..-................=..*...............*I58 Table 11 Methods of Reduction of tocaliy Made Metal Artifacts ......................................... 168 Table 12 Methods of Shaping Locally Made Metal Artifacts..l68 Table 13 Local!y Made Metal Artifacts With Identifiable Analogues in Indigenous Materials From Late Prehistoric Central Coast Components .............170 Table 14 Artifacts of Euro-American Manufacture. ..........I76 Table 15 Euro-American Functional Group Categories With Corresponding Native-Made Artifacts .............. 178 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Central Coast of British Columbia .........25