Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-54782-6 - The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922: Second Edition Donald Quataert Index More information Index Note: page numbers in italic denote maps or illustrations. n = footnote. Abbasid caliphate 197 Alp Arslan, Sultan 16 Abd¨ulaziz, Sultan 84 Amasya 136 Abd¨ulhamit I, Sultan 87, 88 Anabaptists 8 Abd¨ulhamit II, Sultan 33, 40, 62, 63, 65, Anatolia (Asia Minor) 68, 84, 93, 94, 95–6, 98, 99, 149, 166, agriculture 130, 133–4 168, 172, 191, 198 Byzantine rule 13–15, 19–20 Abd¨ulmecit, Sultan 99, 166 demography 112–13, 115–16, 117–18 Acre 58, 95–6, 106–7 industry/employment 126–7, 135, 183 Adana 136 Ottoman loss of influence 59, 61, 192 Adapazarı 187 Ottoman rule 28, 69, 106, 108, 199 Adrianople, Treaty of (1829) 56 See also transport systems 121–3 Edirne Turcoman occupation 1, 13, 15–17 Aegean Sea 13, 15, 24, 40, 59, 61, 88, 116 Anglo-Turkish Convention 127 Afghanistan 85 animals, use for transport 121–2, 125–6 Agricultural Bank 108 Ankara 116, 125, 180–1 agriculture 115, 118, 128, 130–4, 182 Anne, Empress, of Russia 9 commercialization 131–3 Antioch 189 economic importance 130–1 Arab states (post-dissolution) 61, 197, forced labor 134 199, 201 peasant lifestyle 130, 155–7 Arabian peninsula Ahmad Jamal 9 population/demography 112, 118 Ahmet I, Sultan 96 transport/trade 121, 128, 160 Ahmet III, Sultan 44, 77, 87, 88, 93–4, unrest in 50–1, 84, 96–8 148 Aral Sea 87 Ahmet Jezzar Pasha 47, 49, 105–6 architecture, Ottoman influence on Ahmet Resmi Efendi 77–8 Western 10 Aintab 152 Armenia(ns) al Azm family 47, 103 industry 182 Albania 28, 55, 164 massacres (1895, 1915–16) 61, 69, 174, Aleppo 186–8, 191, 198, 200 demography 113, 114, 180 role in Ottoman diplomacy 82–3 industry/employment 127, 184 army, Imperial social/cultural life 160, 162, 168–9 festive gifts to 166 Alexandretta 122 fiscal support 28–9 Alexandria 116 numerical strength 63 Algiers, Dey of 77, 88 provisioning 42 Ali, Imam, commemoration of 166 recruitment 30–1, 45, 99, 177 Ali Bey (Egyptian notable) 46 weaponry 30 Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier 82 Asia Minor see Anatolia Ali Pasha of Janina 46, 49 Augustus II of Poland 8–9 203 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-54782-6 - The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922: Second Edition Donald Quataert Index More information 204 Index Austria-Hungary 65, 70, 190 strategical significance/negotiations 5, see also Habsburg Empire; Vienna 60, 61 Azerbaijan 24, 40 Bodin, Jean 7 Azov, conflicts over 38, 41 Bombay 84 Aztecs 3 Bonaparte, Napoleon see Napoleon The Book of Dede Korkut (anonymous epic) Baghdad 15, 46, 47 15 conflicts over 24, 83 books, production of 170–2 transport routes 120, 122, 125 Bosnia 20, 30, 47, 59, 69, 117, 136, 174, Baikal, Lake 15 183, 190 Balkan Wars 59–61, 176, 187 Bosphorus 19, 98–9, 157 Balkans Botev, Khristo 176 demography 112, 115, 117–18 Brahms, Johannes 9 economies 71 Britain, Great see United Kingdom ethnic/religious divisions 69, 189 Brubeck, Dave 9 industry/agriculture 133 Bucharest, treaty of (1812) 55–6 Ottoman alliances with 27 Bug river 25, 40 Ottoman gains/occupation 19–20, 24, 41 Bukhara 87 Ottoman loss of territory/influence 2, Bulgaria 2, 49 38–40, 54–6, 57, 59, 186–7, 190 conflicts for possession of 25, 41, 59 Ottoman rule 102–3 economy/industry 71, 133, 136 post-Imperial developments 195–7, 200 ethnic/religious divisions 69, 176–7, 189 transport systems 121, 123 Kingdom 1, 15, 25 see also names of specific states/regions post-Ottoman state 71, 118, 190, 196–7 Balkh 87 Burgundy 20 Baltic Sea 88–9 Bursa, as Ottoman capital 20 Banat 38, 40 Byron, George Gordon, Lord 10 bathhouses 160–1 Byzantine Empire 13–15, 25 Bayezit I, Sultan 8, 26, 30 Ottoman conquest 4, 21, 26–7 Bayezit II, Sultan 26, 27 Bayraktar Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier Cairo 21, 45, 58, 98, 99, 143 49–50 caliphate, office of 40, 51, 168, 177, 198 bayrams 166–7, 176 end of 61 bedouin 105–6 international recognition 40 Beethoven, Ludwig van 9 as tool of diplomacy 75, 83–5, 96 Beirut 89, 184 camels see animals population/demography 115, 116 Canıklı Ali Pa¸saoˇglu family 46 transport/industry 121, 125, 129, 131, Cantacuzene, John, 26 135 capitulation principle 65, 78–9 Bektashi, brotherhood 163, 164 caravan trade 115, 122, 125–6 Belgrade 45, 136 carpets see textile industries conflicts over 24, 38, 41, 102 Catherine the Great, Czarina 40, 41, 89 demography 115–16 Caucasus 24, 41, 117 Peace of (1739) 41, 78, 86 cavalry 28–9 Bellini, Gentile 76 Celveti brotherhood 163 Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 2, 59, 68 Cemal Pasha 191 Bessarabia 56, 59 censorship 172 birth control 113–14 central Asia see India; Moghul Empire Bismarck, Otto von 59 China Black Sea 31, 56, 164 political ideology 25–6, 78–9, 199 commercial significance 83, 116, 120, size/political status 3–4, 11, 75–6 127 Chios 69 living conditions 155–6 Christians/Christianity Ottoman holdings adjoining 3, 13, 15, communities within Empire 62 21, 24–5, 41 demography 114 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-54782-6 - The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922: Second Edition Donald Quataert Index More information Index 205 employment 182–3, 184–5 Cyprus 24, 42, 59, 200 households 113 C¸ aldıran, battle of 21 legal/social status 65–6, 132, 143, 177–8 C¸ apanoˇglu family 46 Ottoman attitudes to 5–6 C¸ esme, battle of 40, 88 Ottoman displacement of 16 C¸ ukorova 133 Ottoman recruitment of 18–19, 27, 31 relations with other faiths 175–9 Dalmatia 38 role in Imperial economy 67–8, 132 Damascus 45, 58, 69, 102, 103–6, 129,191 schools 169 demography 113 violence (verbal/physical) involving 69, governance 103–5 176, 186–8 industry 182–3 cinema(s) 162, 167 strategical importance 103 American, architecture 10 Danube river 25, 41, 46, 117, 120, 133 Circassia 117, 122, 200 Dardanelles 19 circumcision 93–4 Delacroix, Ferdinand 10 cities dev¸sirme (military levy) 30–1, 32, 99, demography 180–1 144 economy 129, 136 abandonment of 45, 99, 100–1 living conditions 114 dhimmi 177 migrations to 116 diet population 115–16 festive 166 clothing peasant 155–6 laws 44, 66, 67, 144, 145–7, 148–50, diplomacy 76–83, 85–8, 199 168, 177 (early) hazards of 77–8 manufacture see textile industries ‘modern’ 79–82 public vs. private 151–2, 161 ‘pre-modern’ 78–9 social customs 149–51, 150, 151, 157–60 disease 25, 114 see also women Divan (Imperial council) 93, 98 coffee 42 Diyarbekir 116, 120, 122, 129, 156 role in popular culture 10, 155, 156, 160 Dnieper river 25, 40 trade in 7, 128, 160 Dniester river 25 coffee houses 9, 160, 166 Dobruja 59, 117 commerce see economy; merchants; dragomans 62–3, 81 Ottoman Empire, Dulkadirid principality 26 internal/international trade Du¸san, Stephen, Serbian monarch 26 Committee of Union and Progress 187–8 ‘Concert of Europe’ 56, 86 ‘Eastern Question’ 5, 56, 58–9 Constantine, Emperor 4 economy, Imperial 111–40 Constantinople advantages for subject peoples 28 as Byzantine capital 15, 93, 99 government policy 41–2, 126–7 capture by crusaders (1204) 17 international comparisons 71–2, 75 Ottoman conquest (1453) 4, 21, 32, 93, provincial 108 197 relationship with Western economies see also Istanbul 67–8 consumption, and court policy 44 see also taxation cotton trade 58, 128 Edirne 56 see also textile industries ‘Event’ (1703) 43 Crete 190 as Ottoman capital 20 conflicts over 24, 58, 86 trade/transport 122, 129, 135 Crimea education 62–3, 168–72 Khanate, relations with Ottomans 21, establishments 169, 170, 171 27, 40, 83, 84–5, 87, 117 female 66–7, 170 Tatars 45, 83, 117 linguistic 81, 82 Crimean War 72, 86 religious 143, 168, 169 Croatia 38, 116 egalitarianism 65–8, 185–6 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-54782-6 - The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922: Second Edition Donald Quataert Index More information 206 Index Egypt 1, 78, 86 Frederick I ‘The Great’ of Prussia 77–8 alliance with Ottomans 98 French (language), use in diplomacy 81, 82 conflict with Ottomans 41, 55, 56–8, 64, Fuat Pasha, Grand Vizier 82 102 economy 72 Galatasaray School 82 natural disasters 114, 115 Gallipoli 26 political history 38, 40–1, 46, 47, 55, 58, gazi 18, 177 58n, 60 Gazi Hassan Pasha, Grand Admiral 50 post-Ottoman history 197, 199 Genghis Khan 3, 17 trade with Ottomans 42 Genoa (city-state) 3, 24, 25 transport systems 120–1, 122 alliance with Ottomans 19–20 see also Mamluks; Napoleon genocide, Armenian massacres as 187–8 ekberiyyet 92 Germany 66 Election Law (1908) 191 attitude towards modern Turkey 198–9 embassies 77–8, 80–2, 86–8 conflict with Ottomans 20 employment foreign policy/interests 59, 76 racial/religious distribution 182–6 trade with Ottomans 123, 126 see also agriculture; cities; guilds; Germiyan principality 18, 26 Ottoman Empire: industry; women G´erˆome, Jean-L´eon 10 England, see Britain, Great Gladstone, W.E. 2, 10 Enver Pasha 101–2 governors (provincial) epidemics, see plague cross-regional appointments 108 Erzurum 121–2, 156 powers/responsibilities 103–5 Eugene, Prince, of Savoy 38 from royal family 90–1, 92 Euphrates 24, 120 Greece/Greeks 2 European Union 86, 195, 198–9 Ancient 177 Ey¨up Ansari, companion of the Prophet 93 in armed forces 177 conflicts in/over 56, 59, 61, 69, 81, 189, factories 134–5, 185 200 see also manufacturing language 181, 189 famines 114–15 Orthodox church 47–8, 180, 186, Fatma, daughter of Ahmet III 44 189 Fazil Mustafa, Grand Vizier 38 role in Ottoman diplomacy 82–3 fez (article of clothing) 148–50, 160 guilds 136–40, 138, 142 Fez, sultanate of 88 ethnic/religious make-up 183–4 Flanders