Environment and Ecology Research 8(2): 41-58, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/eer.2020.080202 Ivory Trade and Impact on Elephant Habitat and Population in Benguela 1790 – 1810 Edgar Teles Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Portugal Received October 18, 2019; Revised March 13, 2020; Accepted April 19, 2020 Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract This paper’s subject is the inquiry of the transport the subject to present days neglecting its impact of ivory consumption on elephant populations and historical context. While in preparation of a paper related to their habitat in the course of the trading routes, in the late the Ivory trade of Benguela with Lisbon in the end of the XVIII century and in the beginning of the XIX century XVIII century; it was formulated the hypothesis to extend (1790 – 1810) Angola. The information and the analyses the field of research to the source of the same good, the for this paper was gathered and established, while doing elephant. In the process of finding the proper literature research for a presentation in the Faculty of letters of the regarding the Ivory, it become obvious that there is very University of Lisbon; for an international conference few scholar historical inquires related to the mentioned where it was brought a study related to the Ivory trade from pachyderm. Before we begin to define the intellectual the port of Benguela to Lisbon in the mentioned period. boundaries of this essay, it is required to define the concept Where, while undergoing the research, the author of ivory. In what concerns the referred good there is a wide understood that it could be provided a quantitative universe diversity of sources, from which can be extracted. This related to the elephant population hunted in that region due object, besides referring to tusks, can also refer to dentine Ivory demand. To undertake this article, the author or tooth associated to the following animals: mammoth; consulted information available in several Portuguese walruses; wild boar; hippopotamus; or sperm whale. But, archives, where he collected several documents that beside of animal origin, it may be of vegetal origin. There permitted him, based in quantitative sources, to establish an is a plant in South America, the palm ivory (phytelephas), interpretation of the population of pachyderms hunted that its endosperm known as the tagua or corozo nuts is during the mentioned period. Another base of this essay, similar (due to its appearance and how it can be carved) to beside the quantitative data, is the references collected in elephant ivory [1]. In the context of this essay, tusks will XVI – XVIII century Chronicles about Angola, to establish only refer to the one extracted from the elephant. in consonance with the archivist call sources, correlation The Portuguese sources related to the XVIII century, between the hunting of the elephants with the impact, it provide consistent information about elephant tusks and its caused in its habitat through that period. Keeping its commercialization to Portugal (either by the Atlantic interest in the interconnection of fields, the author routes or directly from Benguela to Lisbon). May, however, investigates the notion of conservation in this period. In the works related to the subject in study be elaborated only this case, the author tries to identify how many elephants in economic perspective? The same sources that permit us were killed, and in what ages correspond to the most to study ivory, present us information directly or indirectly killing. about a multitude of work hypothesis. The killing of elephants presupposes reduction of population, as well of Keywords Ivory, Elephant in XVIII Century, the geographic space that corresponded to its habitat. To Economy and Ecology, Elephants establish the mentioned vectors (geographic and demographic outlines), it is required to research the proper documentation and literature. In that contour of investigation, related with the question of elephant 1 . Introduction population, knowing the number of tusks establishes a departing point to inquiry about how much elements of the When we tackle a subject like elephant hunting and species were killed. Several solutions to resolve that ivory trade, it is recurrent to the contemporary imaginary scholar doubt where attempted, since documental research, 42 Ivory Trade and Impact on Elephant Habitat and Population in Benguela 1790 – 1810 to mathematical equations, in an attempt to provide a us interesting information, and the study of elements cold statistical dimension. The solution however was not provide innovating details not supplied by the written achieved through a mathematically complex equation, or document; but hardly, when the subject of study its either result of an intense archive research. In the process complete series and numerical data. The study of a species of determining the accurate number of dead elephants, it can correlate with all that lines of investigation except, was developed a very simple mathematical operation to those research topics very difficultly provide statistic provide the correct statistical value. details reverse to the written sources. Due to the question of If, as methodological approach, it implies economy and the choice of documentation it is pertinent to ask, why (in the case of the tusks), the study of species from where it Benguela and Luanda? For the chronological segment of is derived; it can also be researched in relation to its habitat this study, the sources about Benguela have more suitably and population. To study this proposed object, it is required series (better organized and coherent) that allowed me to to establish the elephant habitat for those centuries, establish a statistic tendency for a period of thirty years, recurring to the written sources. nevertheless in what relates to habitat information, Luanda, Therefore, I propose, the following structure to this possesses the more complex, and the more detailed article: information. 1. A brief survey on the Ivory collected in Angola and Established the theoretical criteria about the sources, let impact on elephant population in the XVIII Century. us present the different archives from where the 2. Habitat of the Elephant in Angola, according with documental information was collected and how the multiple sources. information was developed in this article. The information of the documents recoiled from the Overseas Historical Archive (A.H.U), in the avulso documents from the series 2. Materials and Methods related to Angola where, I’ve given priority to city map of Benguela data due to its rich statistical information 2.1. Documents and Archives regarding elephant tusks; primordial to determinate the number of elephants killed and tusks collected in the How can the XVII – XVIII century sources provide us mentioned city. This source provides a description by type information about this species? When writing a work in the of tusk, in the early years of this chronological segment, historical field, one question always to be considered it is and the totality of tusks brought to Benguela in general related to the material in which it will be based. Therefore numbers. Other source, Kingdom Trade Balance available is pertinent to examine the sources that were used, due to in the National Institute of Statistics (I.N.E), possesses the importance of the selection of the primary materials some export information about the ivory provided from (that must obey to several criteria to insure the viability of Angola. Nevertheless, it delivers fragmentary information the information). About this question, Cipolla, states the about the ivory that came from Luanda, and non-about importance, even for consistency, of defining the basic what was sent from Benguela. The third and last archive documentation in a university research in order to provide consulted the ANTT/TORRE DO TOMBO possesses, in the the most complete information as possible. Recurring from documental funds of the Casa da Índia, the records of the that logic is the perspective of complementary different Entrada de Marfim. In this documentary collection Ivory points of views and subjects within a theme in discussion, contains well-discriminated information; by weight allowing to reduce lacunas and omissions that could exist category, size, and the number of tusks. What permit us to with the utilization of only one source [2].The application establish the difference between age categories, beside the of an extensive number of primarily materials in many totality of tusks commercialized to Portugal in this period? cases, allows different interpretations and perceptions over Opposite to the Kingdom Trade Balance, the data supplied a research object; what can offer debate, critics, and scholar by this source its more complete allowing us to establish questioning; with the consequent deepener and more and organize more coherent information. complexity of the results. Another interrogation raised by If the archive documents provide solid number about Crosby, in what relates to ecological sources, was the need elephant tusks, their quite laconic about specific areas from to expand the typology of sources beyond colonial records: where the tusks were brought and inherently where to fire; water; animals and oral history [3]. In his standpoint, elephant may have lived. That absence of information there are some barriers in accessing the archives and obliges us to search other type of documents that may several of the regions for field study (in an anthropological present us some clue about that question. Other typology of methodological approach).Second there is, in this author source consulted, more qualitative, were the chronicles and opinion, little environmental archaeological or history of other descriptive texts that do not consist in archive ecology within the African academicals world. Third, the material (documents).