Final Report on the Archaeological Field Work Conducted on a Portion of the Kiriṭ-smin ’ayye Sokṓte Tápporikmatka [Place of Yerba Buena and Laurel Trees Site] CA-SCL-895 (Blauer Ranch) Located within the Evergreen Valley District, San Jose, Santa Clara County, Ca. Report Prepared for San Jose State University, Department of Anthropology The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, and College of Social Sciences Research Foundation Prepared by: Emily C. McDaniel, Alan Leventhal (MA), Diane DiGiuseppe (MS), Melynda Atwood (MS), David Grant (MS) and Muwekma Tribal Members: Rosemary Cambra, Charlene Nijmeh, Monica V. Arellano, Sheila Guzman-Schmidt, Gloria E. Gomez, and Norma Sanchez With Contributions by Dr. Eric Bartelink, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico Dr. Brian Kemp, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman Cara Monroe, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman Jean Geary (MS), Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Packaging, SJSU Orhan Kaya, Archaeological Illustrator December 2012 Table of Contents Page No. Table of Contents i List of Figures iii List of Tables x List of Maps xii Acknowledgments xiii Dedication of this Report xiv Chapter 1: Introduction, Excavation Background History and Overview 1-1 (Emily C. McDaniel and Alan Leventhal) Chapter 2: Environmental Setting and Paleo-Ecological Reconstruction and Catchment Analysis (Alan Leventhal and Emily C. McDaniel) 2-1 Chapter 3: The Analysis of Human Osteological Remains 3-1 (Emily C. McDaniel, Melynda Atwood, Diane DiGiuseppe, and Alan Leventhal) Chapter 4: Preliminary Report on the Extraction of DNA for Sites: CA-SCL-30H, CA-SCL-38, CA-SCL-287/SMA263, CA-SCL-755, CA-SCL-851, CA-SCL-870, CA-SCL-894, and CA-SCL-895 4-1 (Cara Monroe and Dr. Brian Kemp, Washington State University) Chapter 5: Stable Isotope Analysis and Paleodiet of Two Ohlone Human Burials from CA-SCL-895 5-1 (Eric J. Bartelink, Department of Anthropology, Cal State University, Chico) Chapter 6: Analysis of Faunal Remains 6-1 (Emily C. McDaniel, Jean Geary, and Alan Leventhal) Chapter 7: Analysis of the Ground, Battered, and Flaked Stone and Modified Bone Artifacts 7-1 (Emily C. McDaniel and Alan Leventhal) Chapter 8: The Dating and Chronological Placement of the Kiriṭ-smin ’ayye Sokṓte Tápporikmatka [Place of Yerba Buena and Laurel Trees Site] CA-SCL-895 8-1 (Emily C. McDaniel, Alan Leventhal and Rosemary Cambra) i Table of Contents (continued) Page No. Chapter 9: An Ethnohistory of Santa Clara Valley and Adjacent Regions; Historic Ties of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area and Tribal Stewardship Over the Kiriṭ-smin ’ayye Sokṓte Tápporikmatka [Place of Yerba Buena and Laurel Trees Site] CA-SCL-895 (Blauer Ranch) 9-1 (Rosemary Cambra, Alan Leventhal, Monica V. Arellano, Shelia Guzman Schmidt and Gloria Arellano Gomez) References Sited R-1 Appendix A: 1964 Site-Related Documents, Field Notes and News Articles A-1 Appendix B: Human Skeletal Inventory Forms B-1 Appendix C: Haplogroup A, B, C, D Sequences Various Santa Clara County Sites C-1 Appendix D: Artifact and Faunal Record Catalog D-1 Appendix E: Results from the AMS Dating: Beta Analytic Laboratory E-1 ii List of Figures Figure No. Page No. Figure TOC 1: Display of Artifacts from CA-SCL-895 at The Villages (2012) xiii Figure TOC 2: Dean Pritchett at Blauer Ranch Site xiv Figure TOC 3: Dennis Adam Splan June 12, 1972 - January 22, 2011 xv Figure TOC 4: Claims Settlement Check of Muwekma Elder Beatrice Marine xvii Figure 1-1: Excavation Area [View Looking East Hamilton Range] (1964) 1-5 Figure 1-2: Field Crew (View Looking Southeast) Hand Excavation Units (1964) 1-5 Figure 1-3: Field Crew (View Looking East) Hand Excavation Units (1964) 1-6 Figure 1-4: Field Crew (View Looking Northeast) Hand Excavation Units (1964) 1-6 Figure 1-5: Primary Record Form- Identifying the Area Comprising Locus A 1-9 Figure 1-6: Primary Record Form- Identifying the Area Comprising Locus B 1-10 Figure 1-7: USGS 7.5’ Quads San Jose East and Lick Observatory 1-11 Figure 1-8: Satellite Image Showing Locus A and Locus B 1-12 Figure 1-9: Record Continuation Sheet - Evergreen Platt Record (circa 1930s) 1-13 Figure 1-10: Record Continuation Sheet- Sketch Map of Excavation Trenches 1-14 Figure 1-11: Satureja douglasii Yerba Buena = Kiriṭ-smin 1-20 Figure 1-12: California Bay Laurel Tree in the Foothills 1-20 Figure 3-1: Exposure of Burial #1 3-1 Figure 3-2: Exposure of Burial #2 3-2 Figure 3-3: Anatomical Placement of the Skeletal Elements of Burial #1 3-8 Figure 3-4: Skeletal Schematic of Bones Recovered from Burial #1 3-9 Figure 3-5: Right Innominate Bone of Burial #1 Displaying Wide, Shallow Sciatic Notch 3-10 iii List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 3-6: Auricular Surface of the Right Ilium of Burial #1 3-11 Figure 3-7: Anatomical Placement of Skeletal Elements of Burial #2 3-12 Figure 3-8: Skeletal Schematic of Bones Recovered from Burial #2 3-13 Figure 3-9: Right Innominate of Burial #2 Displaying a Deep Narrow Sciatic Notch and Pubis Displaying a Triangular Shape 3-14 Figure 3-10: Auricular Surface of the Left Innominate and Pubic Symphysis of the Left Innominate of Burial #2 3-15 Figure 3-11: Left Humerus of Burial #3 in Anatomical Position 3-16 Figure 3-12: Dorsal Pitting Present on Os Pubis of Burial #4 3-18 Figure 3-13: Anatomical Placement and Close-up Pubic Symphysis of Burial #4 3-18 Figure 3-14: Talus in Anatomical Position (Burial #5) 3-19 Figure 3-15: Mid-Shaft of Left Tibia and Fibula in Anatomical Position (Burial #6) 3-20 Figure 3-16: Mid-Shaft of Right Fibula in Anatomical Position (Burial #7) 3-21 Figure 3-17: Mandible of Burial #1 Displaying Dental Attrition 3-22 Figure 3-18: C5-C7 Displaying Osteoarthritis and Loss of Centrum Height, Inferior Body of C5 Displaying Bony Spicules and Porosity Burial #2 3-24 Figure 3-19: L4 (left) and L5 [Lumbar Vertebrae] Displaying High Levels of Osteophytosis and Lesions on the Anterior Bodies from Burial #2 3-25 Figure 3-20: Spinal Osteoarthritis in the Superior Intervertebral Facets of the C5 and Inferior Intervertebral Facets of T11 on Burial #2 3-26 Figure 3-21: Superior View of Tibial Plateau and Distal View of the Medial Femoral Condyle Exhibiting Peripheral Joint Osteoarthritis and Eburnation on Burial #2 3-27 Figure 3-22: Rib Fragments with Evidence of a Healed Fracture from Burial #1 and from Burial #2 3-28 Figure 3-23: Healing Fracture on the Right Ulna of Burial #2 3-29 iv List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 3-24: Radiograph of Healed Fracture on the Right Ulna of Burial #2 3-29 Figure 3-25: Posterior View of the Left Tibia Displaying a Split Depression Fracture of the Medial Plateau and an Avulsion of the Tibial Spine and Healed Trauma sustained to the Left Lateral Femoral Condyle of Burial #2 3-30 Figure 3-26: Enthesopathic Bone Growths Along Deltoid Tuberosity 3-31 Figure 3-27: Left and Right Anterior Pubis Displaying Enthesopathic Lesions (B. 2) 3-32 Figure 3-28: Enthesopathic Lesions Located in the Left and Right Anterior Pubis on Burial #2 3-32 Figure 3-29: Rhomboid Fossa Located on the Left Clavicle of Burial #2 3-33 Figure 3-30: Trauma of Unknown Etiology to a Cervical Vertebra of Burial #1 and Lytic Lesions to Inferior Apophyseal Facets of a Thoracic Vertebra on Burial #1 3-34 Figure 3-31: Lytic Lesion on Anterior Body of L4 from Burial #2 3-34 Figure 3-32: Pit in the Radial Tuberosity of the Left Radius of Burial #2 3-35 Figure 3-33: Lytic Lesion on 3rd Cuneiform of Burial #2 and a Lytic Lesion Present on the Proximal Facet of Unknown Proximal Phalanx from Burial #1 3-35 Figures 4-1a -1c: Denoting the Layout of the mtDNA Genome 4-1 Figure 4-2: Distribution of mtDNA Haplogroups Across North American 4-3 Figure 4-3: Haplogroup vs. Haplotype 4-4 Figure 4-4: World mtDNA Haplogroups and their Subsequent Subdivisions 4-6 Figure 4-5: Haplogroup B Haplotype Network Displaying Relationship of Yukisma Lineages (CA-SCL-38) to other Archaeological and Indigenous Populations 4-14 Figure 4-6: Haplogroup C Haplotype Network Displaying Relationship of Yukisma Lineages (CA-SCL-38) to other Archaeological and Indigenous Populations 4-15 v List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 4-7: Haplogroup D Haplotype Network Displaying Relationship of Yukisma Lineages (CA-SCL-38) to other Archaeological and Indigenous Populations 4-16 Figure 5-1: Reconstructed Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Values for Dietary Resources in Central California 5-5 Figure 5-2: Reconstructed Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Values for Dietary Resources in Central California 5-5 Figure 5-3: Temporal Comparison of Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Values for the CA-SCL-895 Burials Compared with Other Late Holocene Humans from Central California 5-6 Figure 5-4: Plot of the Apatite and Collagen Stable Carbon Isotope Values for the CA-SCL-895 Burials Compared with Other Late Holocene Humans from Central California 5-7 Figure 6-1: Coyote (Canis latrans) 6-2 Figure 6-2: BR-19, Left Proximal Tibia, (Canis latrans) 6-2 Figure 6-3: BR-24, Left Proximal Ulna, (Canis latrans) 6-2 Figure 6-4: Native American Domestic Dog (Canis domesticus) 6-3 Figure 6-5: BR-20, Left Distal Fibula, (Canis cf.