1 LSD clinical signs, epidemiology and situation in Europe Daniel Beltrán-Alcrudo Animal Health Officer Regional Workshop on Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and other Transboundary Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Animal Diseases (TADs) - “Risk based approaches and Emergency Management” Yur'evets, Vladimir, Russia, 29-30 November 2017 Countries that have reported LSD 2 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 1 Geographic distribution of LSD 3 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 LSD outbreak in South East Europe and Northern Caucasus 4 • Turkey (2013), the norther part of Cyprus (2014), Greece (2015), followed by Bulgaria, Serbia, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo and Albania (2016) • Not affected: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia • Caucasus: Azerbaijan (2014), Armenia (2015) Georgia (2016) • Kazakhstan (2016) • In southern Russian Republics of Chechnya, Dagestan, Kalmykiyan, In the Russian Federation, LSD has spread within 16 provinces Ukraine at high risk Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 2 LSD in the Balkans and Turkey in 2016 5 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 LSD has been largely controlled in Southeast Europe through a control strategy composed by a combination of mass vaccination and total and partial stamping out. In a couple of months, a 90% vaccination coverage was achieved Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 3 LSD in the Balkans and Turkey in 2017 7 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 7,600 outbreaks and 12,800 animals affected EMPRES-i (FAO) & ADNS between 2006 y 2017 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 4 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 5 Agent 11 • LSD virus belongs to the Capripoxvirus- genus within the Poxviridae-family) • Most disinfectants are effective • Stable virus, survives well when protected from sunlight, e.g. • in scabs, for up to 6 months, • in dried hides for up to 18 days • in animal secretions (e.g. ocular, nasal discharge) up to at least 15 days P.I. - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Capripoxvirus - Sheeppox (SPP) genus - Goatpox (GTP) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Species affected 12 Cattle and Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) • although morbidity rate is significantly lower in buffalo (1.6% vs. 30.8%) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 6 Transmission • All infected animals can transmit the virus • Transmission mostly through (mechanical) vectors • High virus concentration in scabs, saliva, ocular and nasal secretions, faeces, semen and urine • However, direct contact transmission is consider inefficient - More research needed Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Element for transmission of virus of LSD 14 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 7 Transmission through mechanical vectors Aedes mosquitoes Aedes aegypti; © James Gathanhi (Sanofi Pasteur) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) © Stephen Ausmus (USDA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 8 Tick species (Rhipicephalus o Amblyomma spp) Amblyomma hebraeum. © Bernard Dupont Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 In Bulgaria, LSDV has been found in: 1. Tabanids (Tabanus spodopterus) Ticks: 2. Hyalomma marginatum 3. Rhipicephalus bursa Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 9 Affected herd in Bulgaria, June 2016 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Vector transmission 20 • Vectors vary between affected regions • Climate, season, environmental temperature, humidity and vegetation • Vector must bite/feed frequently and change the host between feedings • Finding PCR positive vectors indicates they have been feeding on infected animal – but transmission should be demonstrated experimentally • Difference between mechanical and biological transmissions • Further research is required to investigate the role of European insect species (fleas, lice, horn flies, horse flies, midges etc.) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 10 Other ways of transmission Iatrogenic Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Other ways of transmission From males to females - Seminal transmission via natural mating or artificial insemination Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 11 Other ways of transmission Mothers to calves: trans- placental transmission and sucking calves may get infected via milk or from skin lesions in the teats Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Other ways of transmission Some LSD strains replicate in sheep & goats, but no evidence that they can transmit the virus Reported cases in several wild ruminant species: impala (Aepyceros melampus) and giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), but their role in transmission is unknown Studies in Bulgaria found no evidence that European fauna can get affected Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 12 Safety of commodities 25 • LSD is not zoonotic • No reports on the transmission of LSDV via meat products, hides and skins • Presence of the virus in milk • Human consumption is not a problem • Milk from severely affected animals is not likely to end up for consumption and milk is pasteurized • Heat treatment of milk and meat products – 2 hours at 56°C or 30 minutes at 64°C inactivates the virus Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 LSD spread 26 Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 13 Clinical sings 27 • Incubation period in experimentally infected animals is 4-7 days, but in naturally infected animals it may be up to 5 weeks • Clinical signs include: • Lachrymation and nasal discharge – usually observed first. • Subscapular and prefemoral lymph nodes become enlarged and are easily palpable. • High fever (>40.50C) may persist for approximately a week. • Sharp drop in milk yield. • Skin lesions start to develop following days - often in many animals at the same time • Most animals develop at least short-lasting viraemia • Morbidity rate varies between 5 to 45% and mortality rate usually remains below 10% Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 Nodular skin lesions (2-5 cm diameter) ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 14 ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 15 Predilection sites are the skin of the head, neck, perineum, genitalia, udder and limbs. ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 16 ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 • Deep nodules involve all layers of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and sometimes even the underlying muscles. • The centre of the lesion ulcerates and a scab forms on top ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 17 Skin nodules may persist for several months ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 ©Tsviatko Alexandrov, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA) Lumpy skin disease and bluetongue training of trainers in FYR of Macedonia Skopje, 13-14 September 2017 18 37 Evaluating the age of the skin lesions 7 dpi 1 to 2 weeks 2 weeks 2 to