Copyright © 2017 Christian Liberty Press i Streams Two 3e TEXT.indb 1 8/7/17 1:24 PM ii Streams of Civilization Volume Two Streams of Civilization, Volume Two Original Authors: Robert G. Clouse and Richard V. Pierard Original copyright © 1980 Mott Media Copyright to the first edition transferred to Christian Liberty Press in 1995 Streams of Civilization, Volume Two, Third Edition Copyright © 2017, 1995 Christian Liberty Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without written permission from the publisher. Brief quota- tions embodied in critical articles or reviews are permitted. Christian Liberty Press 502 West Euclid Avenue Arlington Heights, Illinois 60004-5402 www.christianlibertypress.com Copyright © 2017 Christian Liberty Press Revised and Updated: Garry J. Moes Editors: Eric D. Bristley, Lars R. Johnson, and Michael J. McHugh Reviewers: Dr. Marcus McArthur and Paul Kostelny Layout: Edward J. Shewan Editing: Edward J. Shewan and Eric L. Pfeiffelman Copyediting: Diane C. Olson Cover and Text Design: Bob Fine Graphics: Bob Fine, Edward J. Shewan, and Lars Johnson ISBN 978-1-629820-53-8 (print) 978-1-629820-56-9 (e-Book PDF) Printed in the United States of America Streams Two 3e TEXT.indb 2 8/7/17 1:24 PM iii Contents Foreword ................................................................................1 Introduction ...........................................................................9 Chapter 1 European Exploration and Its Motives .............................25 New Technology ..................................................................25 The Missionary Motives of Catholicism ............................28 Economic Motives ............................................................... 31 Chapter 2 Europeam Expansion and Counter Reformation ............39 Portuguese Exploration ......................................................39 Spanish Conquests ..............................................................40 Catholicism Versus Protestantism .....................................45 North European Protestant Exploration ...........................48 Decline of the Ottoman Turks ............................................ 51 The Thirty Years’ War .........................................................52 From the Catholic Resurgence to Absolutism ...................56 France Under Catholic Despotism .....................................57 English-French Conflict ......................................................60 Absolutism in Prussia .........................................................62 Copyright © 2017 Christian Liberty Press From Feudalism to Absolutism in Russia ..........................65 Chapter 3 Philosophical and Cultural Currents ...............................75 French Unbelief and the “Enlightenment” ........................76 Rationalism: The Idolatry of Human Reason ...................80 British Empiricism and Naturalism ................................... 81 Deism: The Religion of Rationalism ..................................82 Atheism: The Denial of God ...............................................84 The Enlightenment Spawns Revolution .............................84 Enlightened Monarchs Implement Humanism .................87 Evaluating the Enlightenment ............................................90 Jansenism and the Roman Catholic Mysticism .................92 Culture of the Reformation and Enlightenment ...............94 Chapter 4 Puritanism and the Great Awakening ............................109 The Puritans ......................................................................109 Radical Groups .................................................................. 113 Streams Two 3e TEXT.indb 3 8/7/17 1:24 PM iv Streams of Civilization Volume Two New England Puritans ...................................................... 114 Luthern and Moravian Pietism ........................................ 118 The Evangelical Awakening in England ...........................120 The Evangelical Anglicans ................................................123 The Great Awakening in North America .........................125 The Rise of Protestant Missions .......................................128 Chapter 5 Republican Independence and the French Revolution ..135 Puritan Struggle Against English Absolutism ................. 135 The Puritan Political Reformation ...................................138 The Glorious Revolution ................................................... 141 British-French Rivalry ......................................................144 The American War for Independence .............................. 145 Decline of the Old Regime in France ............................... 153 The French Revolution ......................................................156 The Napoleonic Reaction ..................................................164 The Empire Falters ............................................................ 169 Napoléon’s Legacy ............................................................. 171 Chapter 6 Protestantism and the Rise of Modern Science ..............175 The Medieval Synthesis ..................................................... 178 Cosmological Discovery of Copernicus ........................... 181 Copyright © 2017 Christian Liberty Press The Struggle for Change ................................................... 183 The Synthesis of Sir Isaac Newton....................................186 The Transformation of Medicine ..................................... 189 Society and the New Science ............................................. 193 Chapter 7 Protestantism Spawns Industrial Progress ....................199 Factors Leading to Industrial Revolution ........................200 England Leads Industrial Revolution ..............................202 Spread of Industrial Development ...................................205 Industrial Expansion of Second Industrial Revolution .................................206 New Forms of Business Organization ..............................209 The Impact of the Industrial Revolution ......................... 213 Christian Charity and Concern for the Poor ................... 216 The Rise of Socialism ........................................................220 Streams Two 3e TEXT.indb 4 8/7/17 1:24 PM v Chapter 8 Evolutionary Optimism and Romanticism ....................225 The Further Secularization of Western Science ..............226 The Evolutionary Worldview of Darwinism ...................227 Developments in Physics ...................................................230 The Social Impact of Darwinism......................................232 Economic Idealism ............................................................235 Religious Trends During the Age of Romanticism ..........239 Romantic Idealism in the Arts ..........................................249 Chapter 9 The Spread of Democratic Nationalism .........................261 The Political Order in 1815 ...............................................262 The Quest for Social Order ...............................................266 Humanistic Forces Bring Change .....................................267 New Revolutions and Reaction, 1815–1850 .....................269 The Development of Modern Nation-States ....................272 Representative Government in North America ............... 275 Representative Government in Western Europe .............280 The Decline of Absolutist Empires ...................................283 Chapter 10 The Advance of European Imperialism ..........................291 Challenges to Early Imperialism ......................................292 The Rivalry of Imperialistic Nations ...............................293 Copyright © 2017 Christian Liberty Press Early European Imperialism in Africa .............................297 Causes and Results of Imperialism ..................................300 The Missionary Movement ...............................................303 Responses to Imperialism .................................................306 Chapter 11 World War I and the Interwar Years ..............................313 Origins of the Great War ................................................... 313 The War to End All Wars .................................................. 317 On the Home Front ........................................................... 321 American Involvement in World War I ...........................322 The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia .................................325 Conclusion of World War I ............................................... 327 The Long-range Impact of the War .................................. 331 Postwar Recovery .............................................................. 333 Unrest and Change in the Middle East ............................335 The Fundamentalist-Modernist Conflict ........................336 Streams Two 3e TEXT.indb 5 8/7/17 1:24 PM vi Streams of Civilization Volume Two The Great Depression ........................................................341 The Rise of Totalitarian Dictators ....................................342 Chapter 12 The Rise of Totalitarism: World War II ..........................353 The Nations Respond to Totalitarianism .........................353 The Invasion of Europe, 1939–1941 .................................356 War in the Pacific, 1941–1943 ...........................................361 The War in Europe and North Africa, 1941–1943 ...........363 The